Dyscyplina i etyka partyjna członków Polskiej Partii Robotniczej w latach 1942-1948. Teoria a praktyka
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Likwidacja Komunistycznej Partii Polski z rozkazu Józefa Stalina w 1938 r. i kaźń jej działaczy oskarżanych o współpracę z polską policją i wywiadem zamknęła okres przedwojennej działalności partii komunistycznej w Polsce. Wybuch II wojny światowej i pierwsza jej faza, w czasie której Związek Radziecki pełnił rolę sojusznika III Rzeszy, nie zmienił położenia byłych KPP-owców, których konsternację pogłębiała niechęć, z jaką spotykali się w „kolebce światowego proletariatu” - Moskwie. Sytuacja zmieniła się wraz z wybuchem wojny Związku Radzieckiego z III Rzeszą 22 czerwca 1941 r. Dawni sojusznicy stali się wrogami, zaś dawni członkowie KPP, „zawodowi rewolucjoniści” ponownie znaleźli się w orbicie zainteresowań Stalina, jako potencjalni dywersanci utrudniający działania okupacyjnych władz III Rzeszy. Nie istniała jednak organizacja, w ramach której mogliby oni realizować zarówno cele wywrotowe, jak i perspektywiczne, służące powojennej komunizacji Polski. Tak też, na początku 1942 r. narodziła się Polska Partia Robotnicza – realizatorka planów Józefa Stalina wobec Polski, partia, która po wojnie przejęła władzę w kraju nad Wisłą. Nieliczni, zrzuceni na okupowane przez Niemców ziemie polskie dywersanci, dysponujący ograniczonym wsparciem Związku Radzieckiego stanęli przed zadaniem budowy siatki w państwie, którego społeczeństwo nie było przychylne ideom komunistycznym, a także rozbudowy jej do rozmiarów umożliwiających prowadzenie akcji dywersyjno-sabotażowych wymierzonych w Niemców, a także Polskie Państwo Podziemie i inne grupy przeciwne komunistom. Wydawać by się mogło, że w takich warunkach każdy zwolennik, bądź osoba o zbieżnych z komunistami interesach była na wagę złota. W sferze oficjalnej jednak, rekrutując w szeregi swojej organizacji PPR-owcy powinni starać się dbać o „jakość” przyjmowanych. Sytuacja ta nie zmieniała się wraz z postępami frontowymi Armii Czerwonej i kolejnymi klęskami Niemców, prowadzącymi do ich ostatecznej porażki. Wygrana w wojnie i wsparcie, jakie uzyskano od Związku Radzieckiego w walce politycznej, skutkowały uzyskaniem legitymacji do kształtowania nowego ustroju w Polsce. W okresie tym, gdy struktury partyjne były stopniowo rozbudowywane, komuniści również powinni mieć na uwadze, kto zasilał ich organizację. Kluczową rolę odgrywała tutaj koncepcja „dyscypliny i etyki partyjnej” – posłuszeństwa wobec kierownictwa PPR i jej dyrektyw, oraz kierowanie się w życiu codziennym specyficznym kodeksem moralnym. Dwa te pojęcia w całym omawianym okresie stanowiły kluczowy wyznacznik wartości zarówno działaczy najwyższego szczebla, jak i szeregowych członków „partii robotniczej”. Ich rozumienie i realizacja stanowią również główny temat prezentowanej rozprawy doktorskiej. Głównym celem pracy jest przedstawienie ewolucji poglądów polskich komunistów na temat praw i obowiązków członków Polskiej Partii Robotniczej i propagowanych w oficjalnej propagandzie oraz materiałach szkoleniowych wzorców „idealnego członka partii” w okresie okupacji niemieckiej w latach 1942-1944/1945 i okresie powojennym do końca 1948 r., nazywanych w pracy zbiorczo „teorią”, a także konfrontacja tych koncepcji z obrazem PPR-owców, jaki wyłania się w toku analizy dokumentów organów dyscyplinarnych i sprawozdań delegatów KC kierowanych w teren, określanych mianem „praktyki”. Nie jest to jednak jedyny cel realizowanego tematu. PPR wbrew deklaracjom była organizacją zależną od Kominternu, ściśle z nim współpracującą i realizującą jego polecenia, musiała więc czerpać z dorobku, funkcjonujących w Związku Radzieckim partii komunistycznych. Konieczne jest zatem podjęcie analizy analogicznych koncepcji funkcjonujących w ZSRR dziesięciolecia przed powstaniem PPR i wykazanie podobieństwa oraz różnic występujących między tymi wzorcami. Niezbędna jest również refleksja wokół samej Centralnej Komisji Kontroli Partyjnej i jej terenowych ekspozytur oraz próba odpowiedzi na pytanie o rolę tego gremium, wzorowanego na radzieckiej Centralnej Komisji Kontroli, w warunkach pierwszych lat powojennych w Polsce - czy była ona znaczącą i samodzielną instytucją dbającą o „czystość szeregów partyjnych” i „sumieniem partii”, biernym narzędziem w walkach frakcyjnych w PPR, czy może fasadowym organem bez poważniejszego znaczenia na arenie starć partyjnych grup interesów.
The liquidation of the Polish Communist Party (PCP) ordered by Joseph Stalin in 1938, and the execution of its activists accused of collaboration with the Polish police and intelligence, closed the period of the pre-war Communist Party’s activities in Poland. The outbreak of the Second World War and its first phase during which the Soviet Union acted as an ally of the Third Reich did not change the position of the former PCP activists, whose consternation was intensified by the resentment they had experienced in Moscow ‒ the “cradle of global proletariat”. The situation changed after 22 June 1941 when war began between the Soviet Union and the Third Reich. The former allies became enemies, while the former PCP members ‒ so to say, “professional revolutionaries” ‒ again drew Stalin’s attention as potential saboteurs hindering the activities of the Third Reich authorities as the occupant. However, there was no organisation within which they could pursue their subversive and forward-looking goals, the latter serving the purpose of post-war communistisation of Poland. So, at the beginning of 1942, a new party was established ‒ the Polish Workers’ Party (PWP) ‒ with the aim of implementing Joseph Stalin’s plans for Poland, which eventually took power after the war. The few saboteurs deployed in the Polish territory occupied by the Germans were to face the challenge of building, with limited support from the Soviet Union, a network in a country whose society was not in favour of communist ideas. Then, they were to expand that network to a size that would make it possible to carry out sabotage and diversion activities not only against the Germans, but also against the Polish Underground State and other groups opposed to communists. It might seem that, in such conditions, any supporter or person with interests converging with those of communists was extremely valuable. However, in the official sphere, when recruiting members to their organisation, the PWP staff were expected to ensure due ‘quality’ of the recruits. This situation did not change with successes recorded by the Red Army on the front line or with successive defeats of the Germans, leading to their ultimate defeat. The victory in the war and the support received from the Soviet Union in the political struggle resulted in the legitimacy to shape the new regime in Poland. During the period in question, when the Party’s structures were gradually expanded, communists still needed to pay attention to who was joining their organisation. The concept of “the Party members’ discipline and ethics” was of utmost importance, implying obedience to the PWP leadership and its directives, as well as following a specific moral code in everyday life. Throughout the period under discussion, these two notions constituted key determinants of the values to be followed by both leading activists and ordinary members of the Party. Their perception and implementation also constitute the focus of this doctoral thesis. The underlying objective of the thesis is to outline the evolution of Polish communists’ views on the rights and obligations of members of the Polish Workers’ Party, and the models of the “ideal party member” spread in official propaganda and training materials during the German occupation in 1942-1944/1945 and in the post-war period until the end of 1948. In the thesis, these are collectively referred to as “theory” and are confronted with the image of a PWP member that emerges from the analysis of the documents of disciplinary bodies and reports of the Central Committee delegates, jointly referred to as “practice”. However, this is not the sole objective of the thesis. The PWP, contrary to its declarations, was an organisation dependent on, closely cooperating with, and carrying out the orders of, the Comintern. In consequence, it had to draw on the achievements of the communist parties operating within the Soviet Union. It, therefore, appears advisable to analyse the corresponding concepts that had functioned in the USSR a few decades before the PWP was established, and to indicate some similarities and differences between them. It is also necessary to reflect on the Central Party Control Commission itself and its branch offices, and to attempt at answering the question about the role of the Central Control Commission during the initial years of the post-war period in Poland ‒ and, more specifically, whether it was a significant and independent institution paying attention to the “purity of its ranks” and the “party’s conscience”, or a passive tool in the faction fights within the PWP, or perhaps a superficial body without any serious meaning on the arena where different Party interest groups used to crash.
The liquidation of the Polish Communist Party (PCP) ordered by Joseph Stalin in 1938, and the execution of its activists accused of collaboration with the Polish police and intelligence, closed the period of the pre-war Communist Party’s activities in Poland. The outbreak of the Second World War and its first phase during which the Soviet Union acted as an ally of the Third Reich did not change the position of the former PCP activists, whose consternation was intensified by the resentment they had experienced in Moscow ‒ the “cradle of global proletariat”. The situation changed after 22 June 1941 when war began between the Soviet Union and the Third Reich. The former allies became enemies, while the former PCP members ‒ so to say, “professional revolutionaries” ‒ again drew Stalin’s attention as potential saboteurs hindering the activities of the Third Reich authorities as the occupant. However, there was no organisation within which they could pursue their subversive and forward-looking goals, the latter serving the purpose of post-war communistisation of Poland. So, at the beginning of 1942, a new party was established ‒ the Polish Workers’ Party (PWP) ‒ with the aim of implementing Joseph Stalin’s plans for Poland, which eventually took power after the war. The few saboteurs deployed in the Polish territory occupied by the Germans were to face the challenge of building, with limited support from the Soviet Union, a network in a country whose society was not in favour of communist ideas. Then, they were to expand that network to a size that would make it possible to carry out sabotage and diversion activities not only against the Germans, but also against the Polish Underground State and other groups opposed to communists. It might seem that, in such conditions, any supporter or person with interests converging with those of communists was extremely valuable. However, in the official sphere, when recruiting members to their organisation, the PWP staff were expected to ensure due ‘quality’ of the recruits. This situation did not change with successes recorded by the Red Army on the front line or with successive defeats of the Germans, leading to their ultimate defeat. The victory in the war and the support received from the Soviet Union in the political struggle resulted in the legitimacy to shape the new regime in Poland. During the period in question, when the Party’s structures were gradually expanded, communists still needed to pay attention to who was joining their organisation. The concept of “the Party members’ discipline and ethics” was of utmost importance, implying obedience to the PWP leadership and its directives, as well as following a specific moral code in everyday life. Throughout the period under discussion, these two notions constituted key determinants of the values to be followed by both leading activists and ordinary members of the Party. Their perception and implementation also constitute the focus of this doctoral thesis. The underlying objective of the thesis is to outline the evolution of Polish communists’ views on the rights and obligations of members of the Polish Workers’ Party, and the models of the “ideal party member” spread in official propaganda and training materials during the German occupation in 1942-1944/1945 and in the post-war period until the end of 1948. In the thesis, these are collectively referred to as “theory” and are confronted with the image of a PWP member that emerges from the analysis of the documents of disciplinary bodies and reports of the Central Committee delegates, jointly referred to as “practice”. However, this is not the sole objective of the thesis. The PWP, contrary to its declarations, was an organisation dependent on, closely cooperating with, and carrying out the orders of, the Comintern. In consequence, it had to draw on the achievements of the communist parties operating within the Soviet Union. It, therefore, appears advisable to analyse the corresponding concepts that had functioned in the USSR a few decades before the PWP was established, and to indicate some similarities and differences between them. It is also necessary to reflect on the Central Party Control Commission itself and its branch offices, and to attempt at answering the question about the role of the Central Control Commission during the initial years of the post-war period in Poland ‒ and, more specifically, whether it was a significant and independent institution paying attention to the “purity of its ranks” and the “party’s conscience”, or a passive tool in the faction fights within the PWP, or perhaps a superficial body without any serious meaning on the arena where different Party interest groups used to crash.
Description
Wydział Nauk Humanistycznych, Instytut Historii, promotor: prof. dr hab. Jacek Wnuk
Keywords
Polska Partia Robotnicza (PPR), Centralna Komisja Kontroli partyjnej (CKKP), dyscyplina i etyka partyjna, historia Polski 1939-1948, komunizm, Polish Workers’ Party (PWP), Central Party Control Commission (CPCC), discipline and ethics, Polish history 1939-1948, communism
