Życie religijne i sakramentalne w Infirmerii Szpitala Świętego Ducha w Rzymie w XVII-XVIII wieku
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Date
2021
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Wydawnictwo KUL
Abstract
W rozwoju szpitalnictwa wielką rolę odegrał założony pod koniec XII wieku przez Guidona z Montperllier szpitalny zakon Świętego Ducha. Tenże zakon prowadził ufundowany w 1198 r. przez papieża Innocentego III największy w Europie Szpital Świętego Ducha w Rzymie, który stał się modelem dla innych szpitali w świecie chrześcijańskim. Do zjednoczenia Włoch pełnił on dwie funkcje: przytułku dla podrzutków (brefotrofium) oraz szpitala-lecznicy dla chorych (infirmeria). Obie te instytucje pod względem liczby podopiecznych (podrzutków i chorych) nie miały sobie równych na naszym kontynencie. W ostatniej ćwierci XVIII wieku mógł on pomieścić 2000 osób, w większości chorych. W dawnych czasach szpitale pozostające pod zarządem kościelnym były miejscem, w którym szczególnie troszczono się o życie religijne podopiecznych. Z jednakową troską dbano w nich o fizyczne wyleczenie chorego, jak i o zbawienie jego duszy. Tak też było w rzymskim Szpitalu Świętego Ducha. Praktyczna troska o życie duchowe chorych i dopełnienie przez nich sakramentów świętych należała do dyżurujących spowiedników, a także do kapłanów polecających duszę umierających Bogu (raccommandatori dell’anime). W XVII wieku wszyscy oni byli zakonnikami Świętego Ducha. W późniejszych czasach, zwłaszcza w XVIII wieku, funkcję te często pełnili kapłani spoza szpitala, głównie kapucyni. Liczba wymienionych duchownych zmieniała się w zależności od potrzeb, zwiększała się na ogół latem wraz ze stałym w tym okresie wzrostem skali zachorowań i tym samym nasilenia umieralności w szpitalu. Głównym obowiązkiem spowiedników i polecających duszę Bogu było udzielanie sakramentu spowiedzi pensjonariuszom szpitalnym, zwłaszcza nowo przybyłym, a w sytuacji zagrożenia życia udzielenie im wiatyku i ostatniego namaszczenia na każde wezwanie dyżurnych, a także w wolnych chwilach pogłębianie podstaw wiary chrześcijańskiej chorych. Konsekwencją spowiedzi było zawsze udzielanie chorym komunii świętej. Ze wszech miar starano się zabezpieczyć, by żaden z chorych nie zmarł bez sakramentów świętych oraz by przy konających zawsze obecny był kapłan polecający duszę Bogu.
The hospital Order of the Holy Spirit, founded at the end of the 12th century by Guidon of Montpellier, played a major role in the development of hospitals. He ran the largest in Europe Holy Spirit Hospital in Rome, founded in 1198 by Pope Innocent III, which became a model for other hospitals in the Christian world. It performed two functions: an asylum for foundlings (brefotrophium) and a hospital-infirmary for the sick. Both of these institutions, were unmatched in Europe in terms of the number of charges (foundlings and the sick). In the last quarter of the 18th century, it could accommodate 2,000 people, most of them sick. In the old days, hospitals that were under church management were places where the religious life of those under their care was taken special care of. The physical healing of the sick and the salvation of their soul was cherished with the same care. This was also the case at the Holy Spirit Hospital in Rome. Practical care for the spiritual life of the sick and their completion of the sacraments belonged to the confessors on duty, as well as to the priests who recommended the souls of the dying to God (raccommandatori dell’anime). In the 17th century, they were all monks of the Holy Spirit. In later times, especially in the 18th century, these functions were often performed by priests from outside the hospital, mainly Capuchins. The number of the clergymen changed depending on the needs, usually increasing in summer, along with the constant increase in the incidence rate and thus the increase in mortality in hospitals. The main duty of confessors and those recommending souls to God was administering the sacrament of penance for hospital boarders, especially new-comers, and in a life-threatening situation, giving them viaticum and the last anointing at each call on duty. In their spare time, they were to deepen the foundations of the Christian faith of the sick. Holy Communion was always given to the sick as a consequence of confession. Efforts were made that none of the sick would die without the sacraments and that a priest would always be present with the dying, recommending the soul of the dying person to God.
The hospital Order of the Holy Spirit, founded at the end of the 12th century by Guidon of Montpellier, played a major role in the development of hospitals. He ran the largest in Europe Holy Spirit Hospital in Rome, founded in 1198 by Pope Innocent III, which became a model for other hospitals in the Christian world. It performed two functions: an asylum for foundlings (brefotrophium) and a hospital-infirmary for the sick. Both of these institutions, were unmatched in Europe in terms of the number of charges (foundlings and the sick). In the last quarter of the 18th century, it could accommodate 2,000 people, most of them sick. In the old days, hospitals that were under church management were places where the religious life of those under their care was taken special care of. The physical healing of the sick and the salvation of their soul was cherished with the same care. This was also the case at the Holy Spirit Hospital in Rome. Practical care for the spiritual life of the sick and their completion of the sacraments belonged to the confessors on duty, as well as to the priests who recommended the souls of the dying to God (raccommandatori dell’anime). In the 17th century, they were all monks of the Holy Spirit. In later times, especially in the 18th century, these functions were often performed by priests from outside the hospital, mainly Capuchins. The number of the clergymen changed depending on the needs, usually increasing in summer, along with the constant increase in the incidence rate and thus the increase in mortality in hospitals. The main duty of confessors and those recommending souls to God was administering the sacrament of penance for hospital boarders, especially new-comers, and in a life-threatening situation, giving them viaticum and the last anointing at each call on duty. In their spare time, they were to deepen the foundations of the Christian faith of the sick. Holy Communion was always given to the sick as a consequence of confession. Efforts were made that none of the sick would die without the sacraments and that a priest would always be present with the dying, recommending the soul of the dying person to God.
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Keywords
Szpital Świętego Ducha, życie religijne, sakramenty święte, spowiednicy, Rzym, chorzy, Holy Spirit Hospital, religious life, sacraments, confessors, Rome, the sick
Citation
"Archiwa, Biblioteki I Muzea Kościelne" 2021, T. 115, s. 419-470