LingBaW. Linguistics Beyond and Within, 2025, Vol. 11

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12153/9189

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    Understanding Secondary School Students’ Motivation to Learn Spanish
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2025) Roszkowska, Katarzyna
    Taking into consideration the crucial role of motivation in learning foreign languages, the author of this text, who is also a high school Spanish teacher, decided to conduct a study whose aim was to discover which factors motivate high school students to learn this language and how students’ motivation changes depending on the time they have been learning the language. The study involved two groups of high school students whose third language was Spanish (after Polish and English). The first group included first-year students aged approximately 15-16, and the second group included third-year students aged approximately 17-18. A total of 30 people took part in the study (15 in the first group and 15 in the second group). The research tool used in the study was a survey including several parts, which was inspired by the survey created by Zoltán Dörnyei and Ema Ushioda in 2021, included in the book Teaching and Researching motivation. The students were asked to respond to sixteen statements based on a Likert scale, where each number from 1 to 5 represented a different level of agreement. Having analysed the survey results, one could come to the conclusion that first-year students are much more motivated to learn Spanish than third-year students. The results from this part were as follows: Year I – 45.55% of students motivated; Year III – 31.68% of students motivated. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate demotivating factors and support situations that motivate students in order to teach Spanish to high school students as effectively as possible.
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    The Interconnection between Perspective-Taking Process and World-Creating Predicates in Language Use
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2025) Shuvalov, Denis
    Perspective-taking (PT) is a fundamental cognitive faculty that enables individuals to understand and engage with others’ viewpoints. This paper focuses on overt linguistic items that directly signal perspectival shifts. Central to this investigation are world-creating predicates, such as verbs of cognition (e.g., think, believe) and utterance (e.g., say, tell), which contribute to the construction of perspectivity in language. Drawing on attributional semantics, this study argues that these predicates differ in their relation to PT: while predicates of utterance merely express another’s perspective, predicates of cognition more actively require the speaker to adopt that perspective. Through contextual analysis, the paper demonstrates how these predicates operate along a private-public domain continuum, with implications for identifying actual PT occurrences in discourse. Ultimately, it has been demonstrated that predicates establish perspectivity in two distinct ways, depending on their degree of egocentricity. For example, predicates of cognition (think, believe) belong to the private domain and lead to actual occurrences of PT, as they compel the speaker to adopt another’s perspective — to “put themselves in someone else’s shoes”. In contrast, predicates of utterance (say, tell) belong to the public domain and indicate merely the linguistic expression of a perspective without requiring the speaker to adopt it. In other words, these predicates simply attribute verbally expressed content to an “I” distinct from the speaker. Additionally, a five-level partial ordering has been proposed to capture gradations between the extremes of the private-public domain.
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    “Bloody + Emotions” – An Investigation into the Australian Exclamations and Expletives
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2025) Szymańska, Małgorzata
    Australian variety of English is known as very informal, often associated and even synonymous with slang. Hunter (2004: 5) wrote that Australians tend to be informal in their speech and behaviour, and one aspect of this informality is the extensive usage of slang. One of the most prominent indicators of this informality is the adjective bloody used as an element of an everyday speech as a component of various compounds to intensify the speaker’s message or in numerous exclamations. The purpose of this paper is to present the partial results of a survey carried out among young Australian Speakers with a view to investigating the case of bloody used as an intensifier, expletive and a part of a compound as well as to present other expletives and exclamations in current use. The study sheds light on the most typical compounds used in exclamations as well as on the current state of bloody in comparison with other expletives.
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    The CIPP-TRS Corpus: Corpus Construction and Preliminary Analyses
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2025) Tagliaferro, Laura; Fiorentino, Ludovica; Guarasci, Raffaele; Franzese, Luigi; Saia, Viviana Maria; Spennato, Giancarlo; Iasevoli, Felice; Vitelli, Roberto; de Bartolomeis, Andrea; Dovetto, Francesca M.
    Schizophrenia, a neurodevelopmental disorder, significantly affects cognitive and linguistic functions, often resulting in disorganized speech, reduced syntactic complexity, and impaired discourse cohesion. While previous corpora have explored linguistic disruptions in schizophrenia, no dataset has systematically distinguished between treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) and non-treatment-resistant (non-TRS) speech patterns. This study presents the CIPP-TRS Corpus, an annotated collection of transcribed speech from 20 individuals with schizophrenia (10 TRS, 10 non-TRS), alongside a control group of 10 neurotypical speakers. By analyzing peri-linguistic (e.g., interjections, pauses) and paralinguistic (e.g., breath patterns, output modalities) features, we investigate the linguistic manifestations of schizophrenia across these subgroups. Our preliminary findings suggest that TRS patients exhibit richer peri-linguistic markers, and increased hesitation phenomena, while non-TRS patients demonstrate greater lexical retrieval difficulties. Moreover, TRS individuals struggle more with temporal processing, particularly when recalling past events or engaging with past retellings, reinforcing theories on Theory of Mind (ToM) impairments and lived-time disturbances in schizophrenia. The CIPP-TRS Corpus represents a crucial step toward identifying linguistic biomarkers of schizophrenia and its treatment-resistant subtype. Future research will expand the dataset and incorporate prosodic, syntactic, and pragmatic analyses to refine our understanding of speech pathology in schizophrenia, with potential applications in clinical diagnostics and therapeutic interventions.
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    Girl Math or Nonsense? – (De)valuation and (In)visibility of Women in Social Media Slang
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2025) Żak, Angelika
    The study aims at presenting the phenomenon of the devaluation of women and their invisibility in youth-oriented language. The main focus of this research is social media and comments found in apps such as TikTok or X, which are some of the most popular social media platforms among teenagers. Language, just like a living organism, constantly changes to fit the needs of society, and since nowadays women are no longer only mothers and wives, the speech should reflect this phenomenon. The data is juxtaposed with women’s stereotypes found in the most popular proverbs. Therefore, upon examining the data, one is able to discover both changes and similarities between these two. The question posed in the article is whether slang still highlights the greatness of men and the weakness of women, just like the language used to present. Consequently, the main principle of the study is to establish whether any changes are happening with regard to the inclusivity of younger generations’ everyday speech. In other words, the objective of the article is to illustrate how patriarchal society affects slang, along with teenagers’ beliefs, as well as to present how the young generation breaks the cycle of stereotypical and sexist speech.
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    Partitive and Counting Phrases in Polish: A Nanosyntactic Analysis of Syncretism
    (Wydawnictwo KUL, 2025) Žoha, Lukáš
    This paper investigates syncretism in Polish pseudo-partitive and counting phrases, where different forms of the same noun appear in context as ‘a piece of apple’, ‘two apples’, and ‘five apples’. These contexts exhibit three distinct syncretism patterns: AAB, ABC, and ABA, depending on whether suffixes are repeated or differ across forms. The analysis focuses on how suffixes signal distinctions in number and countability, drawing on the nanosyntactic framework. By applying the Lexicalization Algorithm, the paper shows how noun structures grow incrementally and how suffixes compete for lexicalization. Special attention is paid to the ABA pattern in feminine nouns, where the same suffix appears in the genitive singular and genitive plural, but not in the nominative plural – a configuration rarely attested cross-linguistically. The findings provide evidence for fine-grained syntactic structure and illustrate how syncretism patterns reflect the underlying functional sequence.