Sytuacja ekonomiczna klasztoru paulinów w Leśnej (na tle gospodarki innych placówek paulińskich działających we wschodnich województwach Rzeczpospolitej)
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Date
2021
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Wydawnictwo KUL
Abstract
Jedną z najważniejszych placówek polskiej prowincji paulinów w XVIII-XIX wieku był klasztor w Leśnej na Podlasiu. Został on ufundowany w 1726 r. przez właściciela wsi Władysława Jana Michałowskiego. Po III rozbiorze w 1795 r. Leśna znalazła się w Galicji Zachodniej, od 1809 r. miejscowość leżała w Księstwie Warszawskim, w latach 1815-1918 w Królestwie Polskim, znajdującym się pod władzą carów Rosji. Klasztor został skasowany w 1864 r. Klasztor otrzymał bardzo duże uposażenie. W jego posiadaniu do 1795 r. znajdowało się 16 wsi, jednak w wyniku III rozbioru paulini utracili na rzecz skarbu rosyjskiego większość swoich dóbr. Do końca istnienia posiadał jedynie 4 wsie. Areał ziemi klasztornej w XVIII wieku wynosił 4907 mórg, a po 1795 r. jedynie 842,50 morgi (o 82,83% mniej niż wcześniej). Tak duże uposażenie, powodowało, że klasztor leśniański był drugim najlepiej zabezpieczonym po Jasnej Górze konwentem w polskiej prowincji paulinów. Paulini w Leśnej w największych ilościach siali żyto, pszenicę, jęczmień, owies, uprawiali także tatarkę, groch, proso, grykę i len. Na poziom produkcji roślinnej duży wpływ miały działania zbrojne, które toczyły się w rejonie klasztoru. Występowało wówczas zagrożenie życia i zdrowia oraz liczne grabieże dokonywane przez maszerujące armie, np. w latach 1812-1813 i 1831. Najwięcej plonów wydatkowano na zasiewy i spożycie w klasztorze, natomiast w XIX wieku część zbiorów sprzedawano na rynku lokalnym. Wydaje się, że w XIX wieku nastąpiła również poprawa kultury rolnej, co przyniosło wzrost wydajności. W dobrach klasztornych hodowano woły i konie jako siłę roboczą oraz bydło mleczne, owce, świnie, drób i pszczoły. Hodowla była przeznaczona przede wszystkim na zaspokojenie własnych potrzeb. Dużą rolę w działalności ekonomicznej klasztoru odgrywała gospodarka pozarolnicza, czyli młynarstwo, propinacja oraz produkcja cegieł. Na podstawie zachowanych, niekompletnych materiałów archiwalnych ustalono, że największe dochody uzyskiwano z czynszów dzierżawnych, z odsetek wyderkafowych oraz z depozytów bankowych i spłaty listów zastawnych. Najwięcej wydawano na prace budowlane i remontowe, podatki, pensje dla czeladzi oraz na utrzymanie zakonników. Sytuacja finansowa klasztoru była niestabilna, jednak klasztor w Leśnej utrzymywał się samodzielnie, korzystając z pomocy władz prowincji tylko raz w latach 30. XIX wieku.
One of the most important institutions of the Polish Pauline Province in the 18th and 19th centuries was the monastery in Leśna in Podlasie (Podlachia). It was founded in 1726 by the village owner, Władysław Jan Michałowski. After the Third Partition in 1795, Leśna became part of Western Galicia, from 1809 it was part of the Duchy of Warsaw, and from 1815 to 1918 part of the Kingdom of Poland under the rule of Russian Tsars. The monastery was dissolved in 1864. The monastery received a very large endowment. Until 1795 it owned 16 villages, but as a result of the Third Partition, the Pauline Fathers lost most of their property to the Russian treasury. Until the end of its existence, it owned only 4 villages. The acreage of the monastic land in the 18th century amounted to 4907 morgens, and after 1795 it was only 842.50 morgen (82.83% less than before). Such a large endowment meant that the monastery in Leśna was financially the best secured convent in the Polish Pauline Province, second only to Jasna Góra. The Paulines in Leśna sowed the greatest quantities of rye, wheat, barley, oats, and they also grew Tartary buckwheat, peas, millet, buckwheat, and flax. The level of crop production was heavily influenced by military operations that took place in the area of the monastery. At that time, there occurred threats to life and health, as well as numerous lootings carried out by marching armies, e.g., over the years 1812 to 1813 and 1831. Most of the crops were expended on sowing and consumption in the monastery, while in the 19th century part of the harvest was sold on the local market. The 19th century also seems to have witnessed an improvement in the farming culture, resulting in increased productivity. The monastic estates bred oxen and horses as beasts of burden, as well as dairy cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, and bees. Animal husbandry was primarily intended for satisfying their own needs. Non-agricultural economy, namely milling industry, propination (exercising local alcohol monopoly), and brick production played an important role in the economic operations of the monastery. On the basis of the preserved, in-complete archival materials, it has been established that the biggest income was obtained from lease rents, interest on special contracts for the purchase of profits from lease rents, as well as from bank deposits, and the repayment of mortgage bonds. The most substantial amounts were spent on construction and renovation works, taxes, salaries for servants and on the upkeep of monks. The financial situation of the monastery was unstable, but the monastery in Leśna supported itself without any external help, with a single exception being an assistance of the provincial authorities which happened only once, in the 1930s.
One of the most important institutions of the Polish Pauline Province in the 18th and 19th centuries was the monastery in Leśna in Podlasie (Podlachia). It was founded in 1726 by the village owner, Władysław Jan Michałowski. After the Third Partition in 1795, Leśna became part of Western Galicia, from 1809 it was part of the Duchy of Warsaw, and from 1815 to 1918 part of the Kingdom of Poland under the rule of Russian Tsars. The monastery was dissolved in 1864. The monastery received a very large endowment. Until 1795 it owned 16 villages, but as a result of the Third Partition, the Pauline Fathers lost most of their property to the Russian treasury. Until the end of its existence, it owned only 4 villages. The acreage of the monastic land in the 18th century amounted to 4907 morgens, and after 1795 it was only 842.50 morgen (82.83% less than before). Such a large endowment meant that the monastery in Leśna was financially the best secured convent in the Polish Pauline Province, second only to Jasna Góra. The Paulines in Leśna sowed the greatest quantities of rye, wheat, barley, oats, and they also grew Tartary buckwheat, peas, millet, buckwheat, and flax. The level of crop production was heavily influenced by military operations that took place in the area of the monastery. At that time, there occurred threats to life and health, as well as numerous lootings carried out by marching armies, e.g., over the years 1812 to 1813 and 1831. Most of the crops were expended on sowing and consumption in the monastery, while in the 19th century part of the harvest was sold on the local market. The 19th century also seems to have witnessed an improvement in the farming culture, resulting in increased productivity. The monastic estates bred oxen and horses as beasts of burden, as well as dairy cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, and bees. Animal husbandry was primarily intended for satisfying their own needs. Non-agricultural economy, namely milling industry, propination (exercising local alcohol monopoly), and brick production played an important role in the economic operations of the monastery. On the basis of the preserved, in-complete archival materials, it has been established that the biggest income was obtained from lease rents, interest on special contracts for the purchase of profits from lease rents, as well as from bank deposits, and the repayment of mortgage bonds. The most substantial amounts were spent on construction and renovation works, taxes, salaries for servants and on the upkeep of monks. The financial situation of the monastery was unstable, but the monastery in Leśna supported itself without any external help, with a single exception being an assistance of the provincial authorities which happened only once, in the 1930s.
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Keywords
paulini, zakon męski, Leśniów, Włodawa, gospodarka klasztorna, Kościół katolicki, Pauline fathers, order of monks, monastic economy, Catholic church
Citation
"Archiwa, Biblioteki I Muzea Kościelne" 2021, T. 116, s. 397-436