Wachlarz w Kościele Wschodnim i Zachodnim oraz w kulturze świata
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Date
2019
Authors
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Wydawnictwo KUL
Abstract
HZnane są także wachlarze bojowe. Wywodzą się z Dalekiego Wschodu, gdzie służyły przede wszystkim jako oznaka rangi oficerskiej, ale także jako broń. Używane były od VI do XVI wieku, kiedy to osiągnęły szczyt popularności. Wachlarze do Europy przybyły wraz z wyprawami na Daleki Wschód. W XVII i XVIII wieku nastały złote czasy wachlarzy. Królowały w salonach wyższych sfer i na dworach królewskich całej Europy. Były symbolem dostatku, wykwintności i kokieterii bez względu na porę roku. Wachlarz stał się atrybutem damy. Największą popularność zyskały wachlarze składane. Wachlarze wykonywane były z drewna, metali szlachetnych, kości słoniowej, szylkretu, skóry, pergaminu, jedwabiu, płótna, papieru, piór, także z liści; były rzeźbione, malowane, haftowane i ozdabiane klejnotami. Przybierały różne formy w zależności od zastosowania i potrzeb, były małe i duże, proste, składane, plisowane, okrągłe, półkoliste, w kształcie liścia, chorągiewki, na długim lub krótkim uchwycie.
The history of a fan – an object that could be seen as exquisite (or even superfluous) – is extremely rich and interesting from the point of view of customs, history and art history. It is amazing how this small object of everyday use, currently considered to be women’s fashion utensils, has had multiple and important functions for millennia. Since the earliest times, fans have been used for cooling, stripping insects, sun protection or setting fi re. In ancient Egypt the fans were used by pharaohs and priests as attributes of power and grandeur. Until the 1950s, two fans (fl abella) were used in the Western Church as an honorary distinction in processionsduring which the Pope was carried on shoulders on the gestatorial chair (sedia gestatoria). In the liturgy of the Eastern Church the use of fans (ripidia) has survived to our times, although their signifi cance has already become entirely symbolic. Battle fans come from the Far East, where they served primarily as a sign of offi cer rank, but also as a weapon. They were used from the 6th to the 16th century, when they reached the peak of popularity. The fans arrived in Europe along with expeditions to the Far East. Thegolden times of fans came in the 17th and 18th centuries. They ruled in upper-class salons and royal courts throughout Europe. They have become a symbol of prosperity, refi nement and coquetry regardless of the time of year. The fan has become the attribute of a lady. Folding fans have gained the most popularity. The fans were made of wood, precious metals, ivory, tortoiseshell, leather, parchment, silk, linen, paper, feathers, and also leaves. They were carved, painted, embroidered and decorated with jewels. They took different forms depending on the application and needs. They were small and large, straight, folded, pleated, round, semicircular, in the shape of a leaf or a streamer, on a long or short handle.
The history of a fan – an object that could be seen as exquisite (or even superfluous) – is extremely rich and interesting from the point of view of customs, history and art history. It is amazing how this small object of everyday use, currently considered to be women’s fashion utensils, has had multiple and important functions for millennia. Since the earliest times, fans have been used for cooling, stripping insects, sun protection or setting fi re. In ancient Egypt the fans were used by pharaohs and priests as attributes of power and grandeur. Until the 1950s, two fans (fl abella) were used in the Western Church as an honorary distinction in processionsduring which the Pope was carried on shoulders on the gestatorial chair (sedia gestatoria). In the liturgy of the Eastern Church the use of fans (ripidia) has survived to our times, although their signifi cance has already become entirely symbolic. Battle fans come from the Far East, where they served primarily as a sign of offi cer rank, but also as a weapon. They were used from the 6th to the 16th century, when they reached the peak of popularity. The fans arrived in Europe along with expeditions to the Far East. Thegolden times of fans came in the 17th and 18th centuries. They ruled in upper-class salons and royal courts throughout Europe. They have become a symbol of prosperity, refi nement and coquetry regardless of the time of year. The fan has become the attribute of a lady. Folding fans have gained the most popularity. The fans were made of wood, precious metals, ivory, tortoiseshell, leather, parchment, silk, linen, paper, feathers, and also leaves. They were carved, painted, embroidered and decorated with jewels. They took different forms depending on the application and needs. They were small and large, straight, folded, pleated, round, semicircular, in the shape of a leaf or a streamer, on a long or short handle.
Description
Tłumaczenie streszczenia Marcela Wasilewska.
Keywords
wachlarz typu ekran, oganiaczka, wachlarz składany, brisé, Ripidion, flabellum, wachlarz na Bliskim i Dalekim Wschodzie, wachlarze japońskie osobiste, wachlarze teatralne, wachlarze wojenne, wchlarz chiński, wchlarz koreański, folding fan, Korean fan, theater and military fans, Japanese personal fan, Chinese fan;
Citation
"Archiwa, Biblioteki I Muzea Kościelne" 2019, T. 111, s.357-392