Roczniki Kulturoznawcze, 2023, Vol. 14, nr 1: Mediatisation of Emotions in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights From Media, Culture and Society
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- ItemEmotions in the Language of the Media(Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2023) Białek-Szwed, Olga; Wójciszyn-Wasil, AnetaThe objective of this article is to present major aspects of linguistic studies of emotions. The studies rely on cognitive linguistics methodology, which encompasses both the spoken and written language, as well as non-verbal communication. Communicative aspects are of great importance, making it possible to observe the interaction between language and emotions. Emotionally-charged lexis and so-called “hate speech” are exemplary manifestations of linguistic emotional expressions. Contemporary studies of language used in the media concentrate on an analysis of means of linguistic expression, cognitive definitions and mechanisms which generate emotions. The results of this study can be applied to various types of the media, they can help the media reach their target audience and engage the audience in the presented message. Artykuł przedstawia najważniejsze aspekty badań emocji w obszarze języka. Za punkt wyjścia przyjęto ustalenia językoznawstwa kognitywnego, które uwzględniają zarówno język pisany, jak i mówiony, a w ostatnich pracach także szeroko rozumiany przekaz pozawerbalny. Istotny kontekst stanowi sytuacja komunikacyjna pozwalająca na obserwację języka i emocji w interakcji. Jako przykładowe przejawy ekspresji językowej wskazano nacechowaną emocjonalnie leksykę oraz tzw. mowę nienawiści. Współczesne badania nad językiem używanym w mediach koncentrują się na analizie środków ekspresji językowej, definicji poznawczych oraz mechanizmów generujących emocje. Wyniki tych badań mogą być zastosowane w różnego typu mediach, mogą pomóc w dotarciu do grupy docelowej i zaangażowaniu odbiorców w prezentowany przekaz.
- ItemConceptualisation of Emotions(Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2023) Gruchoła, MałgorzataThe objective of this article is the conceptualisation, in line with Steven Gordon’s classification, of primary emotions: happiness, fear, sadness, and anger, together with “background emotions,” and social emotions: empathy, compassion (and self-conscious emotions: a sense of guilt, shame, pride) in social sciences, with the underlying assumption of biological foundations and cultural conditions of emotions (the theory of “cultural scripts” by Norbert Elias, “feeling rules” by Arlie Hochschild). Theoretical conceptualisations of emotions are presented, viewed from the perspective of anthropologists, cultural experts, sociologists, psychologists and linguists. What is offered are descriptions of manifestations of emotions, ways of their expression, physical symptoms, degrees of intensity, crucial areas, mental and physical consequences, as well as their functions.
- ItemPerspectives of Cultural Studies (Conceptualisation of Emotions in the Discourse of Cultural Studies)(Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2023) Gruchoła, MałgorzataThe aim of this article is to conceptualise emotions in the discourse of cultural studies, which were initiated in the 1970s. American discourse focuses on the role of emotions in shaping individuality and subjectivity (emotional labour), while European discourse focuses on their historically and culturally conditioned constructs. Even though they have been regarded in academic discourse as opposed to reason, today it is believed that emotions determine cognitive processes, and cognitive processes can have an effect on emotions. The article discusses theoretical concepts related to emotions: biological determinism/ biological reductionism, socio-cultural constructivism and deconstructionism, affective turn, and culture of emotions.
- ItemEmotions and Education: Media Representations in the Discourse on School Closures in Polish and British Internet Portals(Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2023) Gruchoła, MałgorzataThe aim of the article is to present the representations of emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, fear, worry, stuckness, compassion, dumbing, stagnation, humiliation, sense of guilt, hope, hate, sense of privilege solidarity, boredom, banality), neighbourly solidarity in the texts of the opinion-forming portals Polityka (PL) and The Spectator (UK), referring to school closures due to the Covid-19 pandemic, and their media representations in the public (the perspective of a teacher, school headmaster, member of the government, expert) and private domain (the perspective of a student and parent), in the processual approach (a catalogue of events), in the context of technological changes (distant learning), as well as socio-cultural (human relationships, domestic violence) and economic (social benefits) contexts. Our hypothesis is that, in line with the concept of the culture of fear by Frank Furedi, the way the internet content is created and construed is supposed to evoke the emotion of fear. We performed a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the content of 78 articles published in Polityka and 12 in The Spectator, between 1 March 2020 and 30 July 2020, found with the use of a search engine. We observed at least three levels of information sources on emotions in the studied groups: the main character of the article, the one who experiences emotions (perspective of the sender); the author/editor of the article, who does evaluation and interpretation (perspective of the gate-keeper) and the reader (perspective of the addressee). On these levels, emotions can result from their literal identification; from an interpretation of a given situation, from the situational context (contextual emotions) and from the non-verbal clues and physical reactions of the organism. The hypothesis was partially confirmed. Despite the fact the school closures, as represented by the media, generates mostly the emotion of fear, the emotion prevalent in the discourse on the consequences of school closures and on the evaluation of remote education is sadness (Polityka) and compassion (The Spectator). However, the dominant emotion, both in the public-private and public domain, is the one of sadness.
- ItemMechanisms of Generating Emotions in Audio-Based Media(Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 2023) Wójciszyn-Wasil, AnetaAudio-based content is considered to be extremely intimate and easily evoking emotions in listeners. The aim of this article is to determine the affective mechanisms used in audio productions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis focuses on radio programmes of public and commercial radio stations and the broadly defined audio media segment: podcasts and streaming services from Europe, the USA, and Australia. The content created during the so-called first wave of the pandemic (March–June 2020) was considered. Sound recordings are analysed in terms of four aspects related to the structure of audio content: words, music, acoustic effects, and silence. This study aims to present the perspective of a broadcaster who designs the audience’s affective reactions and the unique nature of radio journalists’ work during the pandemic. The study confirmed the use of mechanisms intended to intensify and regulate emotions in audio productions in all of the analysed areas. This is especially true for emotionally-charged lexis, voice expressions, selection of musical repertoire and solutions applied in sound editing. The importance of silence as an acoustic equivalent of distance, void and isolation is emphasised. We put forward a list of mechanisms behind generating and modulating emotions in audio-based media. The study shows how sound, as diverse as it is, conveys emotions in the media.