Review of European and Comparative Law, 2020, Vol. 43, No. 4
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- ItemApplication of the General Clause of Reasonableness and Criterion of Rationality in Polish Tax Law(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-12-11) Münnich, MonikaThis paper’s objective is to present two methods of introducing elements of the civil general clause of reasonableness into tax law. One of them is the lawmaking process, the other is the application of law, i.e. the decisions of tax authorities and the jurisprudence of national administrative courts.
- ItemDifferent Forms of Violence – Selected Issues(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-12-11) Mikołajczuk, KrzysztofViolence has been part of the human history since its very beginning. As some believe, it is “Cain’s sin” that determines violent human behaviour. Though this belief is obviously simplified, it reflects the nature of man. We are eager to seek evil in others, in individuals and in social structures. It is not just the family that is oppressive. Violence is ubiquitous; it is inflicted by peer groups, social classes, organisations, and by the state. Violence is commonly defined as social behaviour against someone or something, the aggressor being on one side and the victim on the other. Usually, a narrow definition of violence is used; i.e., violence is understood as the use of force to obtain from others what they are not willing to give or what they do not want to do. However, violence is a more complex phenomenon. Some forms of violence are sophisticated and difficult to discern, not only in the behaviour of others but also in our own actions. Violence occurs on a micro-scale in the form of pressure, extortion, inducement, or restrictions, and on a macro-scale – as wars, crises, terroristic acts, or revolutions. Violence is not only physical and psychological; it may also be personal, structural, hidden, explicit, emotional, and rational. What follows, it takes place in a wide array of spaces: in culture, sport, politics, the media, in the public space and at home. Therefore, the narrow definition of violence fails to include many of its aspects, and as such it is not practical. Using such a definition, we are left with extreme cases, so in fact we define pathologies. A serious difficulty in defining violence is connected with defining human rights in a unified way. These vary from culture to culture and have been evolving throughout history. Violation of these rights constitutes the essence of what is referred to as violent behaviour. Each society defines and attempts to prevent violence differently, and also in its own way indicates those who judge the perpetrators of prohibited acts.
- ItemHarmonising Accessibility in the EU Single Market: Challenges for Making the European Accessibility Act Work(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-12-31) Drabarz, Anna KatarzynaIn the last decade, accessibility has become a buzzword not only among actors of the civil society advocating for the rights of persons with disabilities but also among the legislators in the European Union. The EU has adopted a series of binding regulations aiming at approximating the common understanding of accessibility and Member States’ approach to operationalising the right. Being part of EU harmonised law, the European Accessibility Act has already been considered a milestone in the process. The choice of an approach / approaches will decide about a success of its transposition into Member States legal systems.
- ItemHuman Dignity Concepts in Judicial Reasoning. Study of National and International Law(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-12-11) Doroszewska, KatarzynaMany modern legal systems declare, that protection of human dignity plays an important role in its construction. Therefore, a question may be asked if the concept of dignity is similar in different legal systems. The following paper presents the results of the research on human dignity concepts in reasoning of national (Polish and German Supreme Courts) and international courts (ICC, ECHR). Both national systems provide a constitutional protection of human dignity, Rome Statute, which constitutes the ICC, prohibits behaviours infringing dignity (model of Geneva Conventions), whereas the European Convention of Human Rights does not include the term “human dignity”, only prohibition of torture or “inhuman or degrading treatment”, what is understood as protection of dignity. On the basis of the research there could be stated, that each legal system has developed its own concept of human dignity, although all concepts have a similar core, as nearly all ways of understanding “protection of human dignity” are combined with a commitment to respect each person. This kind of respect could be assumed as a basis of human dignity protection.
- ItemProcedure for Out of Court Settlement of Consumer Disputes before the Passenger Ombudsman(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-12-11) Zawacka-Klonowska, DominikaUchwalenie dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2013/11/UE z 21.05.2013 r. w sprawie alternatywnych metod rozstrzygania sporów konsumenckich oraz zmiany rozporządzenia (WE) nr 2006/2004 i dyrektywy 2009/22/WE oraz rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr 524/2013 z dnia 21.05.2013 r. w sprawie internetowego systemu rozstrzygania sporów konsumenckich oraz zmiany rozporządzenia (WE) nr 2006/2004 i dyrektywy 2009/22/WE miało na celu umożliwienie konsumentom rozstrzyganie sporów z przedsiębiorcami z wykorzystaniem alternatywnych metod ich rozwiązywania. By zapewnić konsumentom realizację praw przyznanych im przez prawo unijne, w drodze implementacji rozporządzeń doszło do zmiany ustawy z dnia 3.07.2003r. – Prawo lotnicze (tj. Dz.U. z 2019r., poz. 1580), na mocy której powstała instytucja Rzecznika Praw Pasażerów przy Urzędzie Lotnictwa Cywilnego, który jest podmiotem uprawnionym do prowadzenia postępowania w sprawie pozasądowego rozwiązywania sporów konsumenckich między pasażerem a przewoźnikiem lotniczym, organizatorem turystyki albo sprzedającym bilety lotnicze, wpisanym do rejestru podmiotów uprawnionych . Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu zaprezentowanie regulacji prawnej dotyczącej postępowania przed Rzecznikiem, ze wskazaniem pozycji ustrojowej Rzecznika Praw Pasażerów oraz jego zespołu.
- ItemRussians on the Polish Labour Market(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-12-11) Gomółka, Krystyna EwaThe article looks into the employment of Russian citizens in Poland in 2004–2018. It presents the legal basis for Russians’ entering Poland and taking up work without having to seek a work permit, and specifies who must apply for such a permit. Russian citizens can obtain refugee status under the Geneva Convention, which grants them the right to move freely, choose their place of residence and undertake paid employment, while guaranteeing social security. On the basis of the Act on granting protection to aliens, citizens of the Russian Federation may obtain subsidiary protection if their return to their country of origin may expose them to a real risk of serious harm. A tolerated stay is granted to aliens where an alien might be expelled to a country in which their life, freedom and personal security would be jeopardised, where they could be subjected to torture, degrading treatment, humiliation, forced to work or deprived of the right to a fair trial. Training and employment can be undertaken in Poland under the bilateral agreements between Poland and Russia: the Treaty on friendly and good-neighbourly cooperation and the Cooperation Agreement in the fields of science, culture and education. In Poland, the entry and stay of foreign nationals is governed by the Act on aliens, their education by the Higher Education Act, whereas the employment of foreigners is regulated by the Act on employment promotion and labour market institutions. The empirical basis of the study was provided by the analysis of data from the Polish Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy and the Demographic Yearbook. Russians constitute the third largest group (after Ukrainians and Belarusians) of the post-Soviet States’ citizens coming to Poland. The analysis conducted showed that employment in Poland was chiefly sought by the citizens of the Russian Federation who arrived in Poland for a limited period and for permanent residence. In 2004, the Russians represented 4.4% and in 2018 – 0,66% of all foreigners who received work permits in Poland. Before 2015 some Russian nationals took up work in Poland as the managers of their own companies. Since 2015, there has been an influx of workers from Russia in three occupational groups: IT specialists, skilled workers and workers in elementary occupations. Most of the Russians were employed in the wholesale and retail, information and communication, construction, transport and warehousing sectors, which were the same sectors where Polish entrepreneurs reported demand for Russian workers. The demand significantly exceeded the number of Russians employed.
- ItemScope and Exercise of the Exclusive Competences of the Member States of the European Union(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-12-11) Krzysztofik, EdytaProces integracji europejskiej wprowadził państwa członkowskie w nową rzeczywistość prawną. Dotychczasowa wyłączność w zakresie realizacji kompetencji zastąpiona została dwustopniowym modelem ich realizacji. Państwa zachowały część własnych kompetencje – kompetencje wyłączne państw członkowskich, które wykonywane są jedynie przez nie. Druga grupa natomiast obejmuje kompetencje realizowane wspólnie z innymi państwami członkowskimi na poziomie Unii Europejskiej. W tym obszarze działania podejmują instytucje unijne w oparciu o procedury ustanowione w traktatach. Podstawowe znaczenie z perspektywy podziału kompetencji ma zasada kompetencji powierzonych. Podział kompetencji nie jest jednoznaczny mimo że po traktacie z Lizbony unormowano częściowy katalog kompetencji UE. Państwa członkowskie powierzając część swoich uprawnień zwierzchnich nie określiły zakresu własnych kompetencji. Analizie poddano tzw. klazule europejskie w wybranych konstytucjach państw członkowskich, która wykazała, że określają one podmiot przekazania oraz w sposób niejednolity przedmiot przekazania Analiza wskazanych postanowień jednoznacznie wskazuje, że konstytucje państw członkowskich wyłączają pełne przekazanie kompetencji Unii Europejskiej. Brak jest natomiast określenia zakresu kompetencji, które mogą być przedmiotem przekazania. To zagadnienie pojęły natomiast trybunały konstytucyjne państw członkowskich. W artykule odwołano się do wyroków Federalnego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego oraz Polskiego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. Wykazano, że utożsamiają one kompetencje wyłączne państw członkowskich z zakresem pojęcia tożsamości konstytucyjnej sprowadzonej do podstawowych zasad ustrojowych państwa. Trybunał Sprawiedliwości, który czuwa nad poprawnością wykonywania prawa unijnego analizuje zakres kompetencji obydwu podmiotów. W artykule dokonano analizy wyroków dotyczących: wpisów do akt stanów cywilnego dotyczących transkrypcji nazwisk, problem uznania małżeństw jednopłciowych, reformy sądownictwa w Polsce oraz stosowania KPP w obszarach nie należących do kompetencji UE. Niezależnie od podziału kompetencji UE związana jest zasadą poszanowania tożsamości narodowej państw członkowskich w tym tożsamości konstytucyjnej. Obowiązuje ona UE z jednej strony do poszanowania zakresu kompetencji wyłącznych państw członkowskich, z drugie natomiast przesłankę ograniczającą realizację celów unijnych.
- ItemState Purchasing Policy – A New Institution of Public Procurement Law(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-12-11) Czech, Ewa Katarzyna; Panasiuk, AndrzejThe state's purchasing policy is one of the new institutions of the Public Procurement Law. Influenced by the changes in the package of directives coordinating public procurement procedures in 2014, our national legislator has taken steps to use public procurement for purposes other than strictly purchasing. Therefore, the authors' considerations strive to define the concept of "purchasing policy of the state", outlining the role and scope thereof in the functioning of the modern state. Furthermore, the authors try to point out problems related to its implementation by the public authorities, stating finally that purchasing policy will only be effectively implemented if all participants of the public procurement market are aware of the policy objectives.
- ItemThe Scope of Regulation of Access to Activities in the Field of Organizing Tourist Events and Facilitating the Purchase of Related Tourist Services in Polish Law. Selected Issues(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-12-11) Maszewski, ŁukaszThe considerations carried out in this article focus on the scope of regulation of undertaking (access to) activities in the field of organizing tourist events and facilitating the purchase of related tourist services in the part relating to the features of the activity covered by it. Entities operating in this area are subject to specific legal obligations, including requirement for obtaining an entry in the register. Business in question is no longer a regulated activity but the provisions regarding this activity apply to it. This study also deals with the consequences of this seemingly insignificant change in the nomenclature. These issues are presented against the background of EU regulations and selected EU Member States.