Studia Prawnicze KUL, 2020, nr 4
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- ItemA ban on contact with a minor child in the presence of third parties. Considerations from the perspective of family law case-law(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Tanajewska, RenataIt seems that the institution of marriage is experiencing a crisis of trust. As a consequence of the lack of agreement between spouses, the welfare of underage children is suffering. Instead of being the center of attention, they become a part of a marital or post-marital skirmish. The purpose of this publication is to depict the legal situation of minor children in the exercise of parental authority, with particular emphasis on the exercise of contacts with parents. An additional objective is to draw attention to the fact that the child, whose welfare should be a priority in any proceedings, is repeatedly violated, first and foremost by those responsible for his or her protection, namely the parents. According to the research thesis put forward herein, a minor child of the parties to divorce proceedings becomes an element of the procedural game both for the duration of such proceedings as well as later – until the child reaches majority.
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- ItemGlossary to the judgment of the Court of Appeal in Katowice of 25 April 2018, file no. I ACa 1056/17(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Konik, PiotrThe position expressed in the thesis of the judgment of the Court of Appeal in Katowice concerns an important and complex issue relating to a claim for monetary compensation in case of infringement of the personal goods of a legal person. The assumption that legal persons do not have the ability to feel like natural persons means that harm cannot be seen as these negative feelings – pain and suffering (physical and mental). The non-material harm to the personal goods of a legal person is, therefore, in a different form than that of a natural person. The considerations contained in the glossary are intended to determine what it is. They lead to the conclusion that the amount of non-material harm to the personal goods of a legal person is smaller than that of a natural person. This results in a smaller scope of monetary compensation applications for non-material harm to the personal goods of a legal person.
- ItemPolish dilemmas in compensating landowners in the vicinity of airports – black letter law vs. law in action(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Habdas, MagdalenaNegative externalities of airport operations, associated mostly with noise, are becoming increasingly onerous to homeowners, as air transport develops. In order to resolve the neighbour conflict, the legislator introduces restricted use areas (RUAs) within which noise levels may be exceeded. In these areas, limitations in the use of land are introduced in order to ensure rational development of land surrounding airports and compensation claims are awarded to landowners. These claims compensate planning restrictions concerning the use of land and costs spent on ensuring sound insulation of buildings. The practical application of provisions on RUAs diverges from their literal content bringing about the compensation of loss without a legal and economic justification and the abandonment of the provisions’ objectives. It is argued that a revision of current practice is required in order to fulfill the legal, social and economic objectives of the regulations in force.
- ItemResignation from Supervisory Board’s membership by one of its members – legal effects and legal interest related to determination of such resignation’s invalidity(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Malarewicz-Jakubów, AgnieszkaAccording to the provisions of the Code of Commercial Companies (i.e. Art. 385), Supervisory Board must be composed of at least three members and, with regard to public law companies, five members. The problem occurs when the above-mentioned entity is composed of a minimum number of members and one of them makes a statement on his resignation from Supervisory Board’s membership. Hence, the company’s Supervisory Board is composed of merely two members from the moment such a statement has been made, i.e. it is unable to undertake actions. The article considers the issue of resignation from Supervisory Board’s membership. Additionally, the author attempts to determine herein whether under Art. 189 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP), a limited liability company (LLC) [spółka z o.o.] has a legal interest to determine invalidity of the statement made by Supervisory Board’s member on his membership resignation. I also analyse legal effects of the statement on resignation from Limited Liability Company Supervisory Board’s membership made by one of its members.
- ItemResignation of a shareholder of a simple joint-stock company(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Zdanikowski, Paweł MarcinThe subject matter of the article is the analysis of the institution of the resignation of a shareholder in a simple joint-stock company. The author considers the introduction of an institution granting a shareholder the right to exit the company as justified. It may form an instrument for the protection of interests of shareholder (usually the minority of them), which on the one hand are marginalized by other shareholders (usually the majority), and on the other hand find it impossible (due to legal or actual grounds) to dispose of their shares, regardless of whether the company does not consent it, or there is no demand for them, due to the situation of the company. The author critically assesses the regulation of the institution of resignation. He believes that it will be ineffective in its current form: first, because of the requirement for the petitioner to sue all the remaining shareholders. Secondly, due to the scope of court cognition, which is too narrow, the current regulation can be effective only if the company voluntarily buys out after losing the case in the resignation proceedings. Otherwise, effective resignation from the company will require an action for a commitment to make a declaration of intent, followed by an action for payment. The article also contains specific suggestions for optimizing this provision.
- ItemRobo-advice in insurance distribution under Polish law. Outline of the problem(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Szaraniec, MonikaThis article relates to the problems of introducing new technologies in the activities of insurance distributors, especially brokers, and points to essential legal aspects of non-adjustment or absence of legal solutions in this respect. The author focused her investigations on the essence, application of robo-advice in economic insurance, as well as its admissibility in the Polish insurance distribution model. The article points to the types of cooperation of robo-advisors with the traditional insurance distributor and imperfections of the outsourcing agreement’s legal regime. The applicable Polish civil law norms on civil liability for damages caused by artificial intelligence are also not keeping pace with the development of new technologies and require reform, in the first place, on the level of UE law.
- ItemThe legal status of an advocate’s articled clerk in the Polish Civil Court Proceedings – remarks on comparative background(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Dróżdż-Chmiel, Kinga MagdalenaThe article presents a view concerning the status of the advocate’s articled clerk in the Polish civil court proceedings. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the purpose of the present study was not to answer the question, whether this subject is a representative or substitute within the proceedings, but rather to present a slightly different opinion on the role of articled clerk in civil procedure, taking the special function of the advocate pupillage into account. This study seems to be interesting, for example, as it somehow “touches” the sensitive point of interconnection between civil procedural law and internal regulations of the Bar. Although the analysis is aimed at defining the status of an articled clerk in the Polish civil court proceedings, the inclusion of references to regulations regarding the position of legal adviser’s articled clerk serves us to broaden the scope of evaluation and make the study more attractive. Furthermore, simple proof of validity of the presented thesis, according to which the advocate’s articled clerk acts as an alter ego of the advocate, would not be that interesting, without referring to the German, Italian and Ukrainian legal systems. The comparison of these four legal orders, i.e. the Polish, German, Italian and Ukrainian ones, led us to an in#teresting conclusion. Namely, an articled clerk has the opportunity to perform legal representation in a wider scope than the German trainee, Italian apprentice or Ukrainian assistant advocate. Consequently, his or her role as a trial deputy is special. It is the scope of the rights of the Polish articled clerk that grants him or her the basis act as an alter ego of the advocate.
- ItemTime limits for raising a set-off defence in a civil trial(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Skrodzki, KarolThe article discusses the regulation of the provision of Art. 2031 § 2 of the K.p.c. [CCP], establishing time limits in raising a set-off defence in a civil trial. The analysis focuses in particular on three issues. Understanding (definition) of the set-off defence, which is reflected in the scope of application of time limits resulting from Art. 2031 § 2 of the K.p.c. [CCP]. This provision excludes the possibility of invoking a set-off where it occurred after getting into a dispute as to the merits of the case. In addition, the article points to interpretation problems arising from the connection between the time limit for raising a defence of set-off and the defendant’s due date. The considerations made finally allow for the submission of proposals for the interpretation of Art. 2031 § 2 of the K.p.c. [CCP] and making de lege ferenda postulates.
- ItemWhen hostess makes a difference in off-premises contract? – Commentary to order of the Cjeu Of 17.12.2019, C-465/19 B&L Elektrogeräte(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Trzebiatowski, Marcin RemigiuszA consumer off-premises contract still raises doubts, even in terms of basic concepts. In the context of Directive 2011/83, a problem arose how to understand a “public place” in which the contact established by the trader with the consumer in a personal and individual way, which directly results in the conclusion of a contract, makes it an off-premises contract. It was about the contact made by the hostess in the aisle of exhibition fairs leading to trade stands. Until now, it seemed that the consumer had to take into account the offers of traders right from the threshold of the market hall. The CJEU considered that in this case, the contract was concluded off-premises. This decision has a significant impact on German practice, which was going in a different direction, as well as on Polish practice, in which there is no relevant case law.