Review of European and Comparative Law, 2020, Vol. 40, No. 1
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- ItemLocal Citizen Initiatives in Poland: The Disparity in Signature Requirements(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Lis-Staranowicz, Dorota; Giżyńska, MonikaIn the social sciences, the attention is drawn to the relationship between instruments of direct democracy and signature requirement, because the latter may block the activity of citizens. Therefore, this paper focuses on signature requirements of local citizen’ initiatives (LCI), which is also analyzed from the perspective of the principle of equality. We identify: the legal threshold of support (LTS) and the actual threshold of support (ATS). The legal threshold is construed as the statutory requirement of support (quantified or specified as a percentage), whereas the actual threshold of support is the quotient of the number of signatures required and the total number of residents in a given district. With respect to the LCI, a district is an area of a municipality, poviat and voivodship. The ATS is an indicator used by us to study the principle of equality.
- ItemSexual Orientation and Gender Identity as Penalizing Criteria of Hate Speech(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Ciepły, Filip MateuszThe article contains arguments raised in Polish discussion on the problem of sexual orientation and gender identity as penalizing criteria of hate speech. The Author points out regulations of Polish criminal law providing conditions of criminal responsibility for hate speech and binding criteria of the penalization, draft amendments in this area presented in recent years, as well as Polish legal doctrine or Supreme Court reviews referred to the issue. The background of the analyzes are provisions of international and European law as well as selected European states.
- ItemThe European Citizens’ Initiative Reform: Does it Matter?(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Parol, AgnieszkaThe reform of the entered into force at the beginning of 2020. The changes are intended to popularize and to give effect to the ECI, especially through the strengthening of the position of this tool as an instrument of e-democracy and the reinforcing of the principle of subsidiarity and the model of multi-level governance. The reform is a step in the right direction, however, it is rather unlikely that it could boost the ECI as an instrument of indirect legislative initiative, which so far has had little impact. The sheer scale of this issue can be illustrated by the juxtaposition of the over seventy registered ECIs with the merely two initiatives in which the EC decided to follow up with legislative proposals. Such a situation results from the fact that the ECI is treated as a subsidiary tool to the instruments of representative democracy, generally accepted as the basis of the system. This is also the effect of the way the quasi-monopoly of the European Commission in the area of legislative initiative is interpreted. In consequence, the effectiveness of the ECI is currently perceived through the prism of collecting over one million signatures and conducting noncommittal dialogue. Nevertheless, in this context it should be remembered that the most effective form of encouraging the civil society to participate in political activity is to reinforce its agency. Indeed, increasing the impact of the ECI on decision-making processes is not dependent on potential changes in primary or secondary law. The change of attitude will suffice. Indeed, an increased number of legislative proposals stemming from the ECIs might be the result of a change in EU political culture and a greater respect for democratic rules.
- ItemThe National Air Pollution Control Programme in Poland – Selected Legal Issues(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Radecka, EwaNiniejszy artykuł skupia się na wskazaniu zobowiązań Polski wynikających z art. 6 dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2016/2284 z dnia 14 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie redukcji krajowych emisji niektórych rodzajów zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych, zmiany dyrektywy 2003/35/WE oraz uchylenia dyrektywy 2001/81/WE[1]. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie rozwiązań prawnych przyjętych w krajowym programie ograniczania zanieczyszczeń powietrza (dalej: KPOZP) w Polsce, z wcześniejszym umiejscowieniem tego dokumentu na tle innych prawnych instrumentów ochrony powietrza, oraz ocena jego skuteczności.
- ItemThe Reformation of Turkish Commercial Law within the Process of European Union Candidacy(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Yasan, MustafaThe relationship between Turkey and the European Union began in 1959 with Turkey's application for membership. This relationship has survived to this day and in this process negotiations for membership have been frozen. This process contributed directly to Turkish law. This contribution has become more significant, especially since 1999. Turkish Code of Commerce entered into force in 2012, is recognized as a result of Turkey's EU process. By this Code, it is aimed to ensure harmonization between Turkish Commercial Law and EU legislation. For this reason, regulations in the sense of reform were included in TCC. However, the Code has been amended for a total of eighteen times. Sixteen times after the coming into force, two times even before coming into force. More than three hundred articles have been directly affected by these changes. The principles foreseen in the Code have been abandoned because of adopting a populist approach. This situation is accepted as a failure and disappointment for the TCC codification experience.
- ItemThe Role of the Marshal of the Voivodship in the Protection of Travellers in the Event of the Insolvency of Tour Operators and Related Tourist Services(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020) Brzezicki, Tomasz; Sylwestrzak, DorotaThe authors briefly present the issues of the protection of travellers in case of the insolvency of tour operators and related tourist services. The reflections are primarily focused on the analysis of the tasks of the Marshal of the Voivodship in this respect and their legal nature. The subject of the study is primarily to present the current legal status, the position of the judiciary, and a legal and comparative analysis of the EU regulations with Polish regulations. The analysis is carried out from the perspective of the legitimacy of entrusting these tasks to the Marshal of the Voivodship, and consequently ensuring the effective protection of travellers. The article uses the theoretical-dogmatic, historical, and legal-comparative method. The reflections are based on a comparison of selected institutions of law functioning in the system of Polish law and legal solutions in force in the EU law