Browsing by Author "Zarzycka, Beata"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 63
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    Assertiveness Skills Scale. Study Data
    (2022-11-16) Zarzycka, Beata; Tomaka, Kamil; Król-Fijewska, Maria
    Raw data from the study. This study aimed to develop a measure of assertiveness, the Assertiveness Skills Scale (ASS). Assertiveness is the attitude of a person toward himself and other people, which means treating oneself and others with equal respect and regard for the rights. Assertiveness serves to increase self-satisfaction and good relationships with those around you. Four studies were conducted to develop the ASS. In Study 1., we generated an item pool for the ASS and established its internal structure using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In Study 2., we confirmed the internal structure of the ASS using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Study 3. examined the convergent and discriminant validity of the ASS. Study 4 examined test–retest reliability of the ASS. The psychometric properties of the ASS and the potential utility of the ASS are discussed.
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    Can Religious and Spiritual Struggle Enhance Well-Being? Exploring the Mediating Effects of Internal Dialogues
    (Springer Nature, 2019-01-03) Zarzycka, Beata; Puchalska-Wasyl, Małgorzata
    Although a number of studies have demonstrated links between religious/spiritual struggle and well-being, only a few have examined what makes religious/spiritual struggle increase or decrease well-being. The present paper aims to examine different forms of internal dialogues (IDs) as potential mediators of the relationship between religious/spiritual struggle and well-being among Roman Catholics. There were 143 respondents (81 female) who participated in the study. We applied the Religious and Spiritual Struggle Scale, the Internal Dialogical Activity Scale, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale. The results showed that religious/spiritual struggle triggers IDs. Three types of IDs-ruminative, supportive, and social simulation dialogues-were mediators in the relationship between religious/spiritual struggle and well-being. Although religious/spiritual struggle decreased well-being through its effect on ruminative dialogues, it improved well-being through its effects on supportive and social simulation dialogues.
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    Centrality of Religiosity and Sense of Coherence: a Cross-sectional Study with Polish Young, Middle and Late Adults
    (RedFame Publishing, 2014) Zarzycka, Beata; Rydz, Elżbieta
    The relationship between religiosity and mental health is a relatively common topic in psychology of religion. Many studies have been performed examining this topic and the results have reported both positive and neutral and even negative relationships between religious commitment and mental health. The ambiguous findings may be due to the fact that religion has a multifaceted nature and different aspects of religiosity are differentially related to mental health. Depending on which definitions of religiosity researchers used, evidence could be supporting a positive or negative relationship between religiosity and mental health and supporting the position that there is no relationship. The present study aims to examine interactions of five dimensions of religiosity (Intellect, Ideology, Private Practice, Religious Experience, Public Practice) with sense of coherence in Polish adults' sample, separately in women and men in early, middle and late adulthood. Six hundred thirty-six Polish Catholics, 332 women and 304 men, aged between 18 and 79 participated in the research. We applied the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS) by S. Huber and the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-29) by A. Antonovsky. The results suggest that the salutogenic function of religiosity is related to age and gender. We noted positive relationships between religiosity and SOC in middle-aged men and in female young and late groups. Implications for intervention are discussed.
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    Centrality of Religiosity as a Predictor of Work Orientation Styles and Work Engagement: A Moderating Role of Gender
    (MDPI, 2020) Rożnowski, Bohdan; Zarzycka, Beata
    Previous research links religiosity/spirituality with a wide variety of organizational functions and practices, and, in particular, with management processes and leadership practices. Building on Huber’s concept of the centrality of religiosity, we propose that religiosity can also affect career choice and development—in particular, work orientation styles and work engagement. We also suggest that these relationships can be moderated by gender. The hypotheses were tested on a sample of 219 adult employees (Mage = 37.7, SDage = 9.2) in a cross-sectional study. Findings provide support the religiosity–career orientation style link and the moderating function of gender in the relationship of the centrality of religiosity with work orientation styles and work engagement. Specifically, the higher the centrality of religiosity, the stronger the calling orientation among women and the higher the job orientation among men. The higher the centrality of religiosity, the stronger the vigor, dedication and absorption among women and the lower the vigor, dedication and absorption among men. Our study supports the claim that being religious is related to the acceptance of traditional worldviews on gender roles at work. However, religiosity is a source of motivation to engage at work for women, whereas for men, high religiosity can reduce engagement in work.
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    Centrality of Religiosity Scale in Polish Research: A Curvilinear Mechanism that Explains the Categories of Centrality of Religiosity
    (MDPI, 2020) Zarzycka, Beata; Bartczuk, Rafał; Rybarski, Radosław
    The centrality of religiosity scale (CRS) is a measure of the importance of religious constructs in personality. The Polish CRS has been applied in more than 40 published studies on the psychology of religion, with over 18,000 total participants. However, no comprehensive overview on the Polish CRS is available. This paper shows how using the CRS sheds light on different patterns in which religion integrates with other psychological variables. It consists of three parts: first, we introduce the Polish adaptation of the CRS; second, we present the review of the research using the Polish CRS; and finally, we provide research results that suggest a curvilinear mechanism for explaining the categories of the centrality of religiosity. Three measures were applied to the research: the CRS, emotions toward God scale, and content of prayer scale-revised. The results indicated that there is a curvilinear relationship between centrality of religiosity and emotions toward God, prayer types, and styles of request prayer (excluding passive request prayer). We determined the changepoints at which the relationship between the centrality of religiosity and the religious contents changes. This finding allowed us to provide empirical confirmation of Huber’s thesis (2003) that there is a different way of operating low, medium, and high scores in centrality, namely marginal, subordinated, and central religiosity. The study also broadens our understanding of each of these types of religiosity.
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    Centralność religijności i przekonania postkrytyczne a otwartość na karierę międzynarodową studentów
    (Wydawnictwo UMCS, 2018) Goździewicz-Rostankowska, Agata; Zarzycka, Beata; Tychmanowicz, Anna
    W literaturze przedmiotu wskazuje się na znaczenie religii na poszczególnych etapach procesu migracyjnego (Hagan, Ebaugh 2003; Hagan 2013; por. Williams 2000). Chociaż w kształtowaniu intencji migracyjnych oraz podejmowaniu decyzji w tym obszarze kluczową rolę odgrywają względy finansowe i potrzeba poprawy statusu materialnego (Kontuly, Smith, Heaton 1995; Myers 2000), to wydaje się, że nie bez znaczenia są przekonania aksjologiczne (w tym religijne) jednostki. Prowadzone w tym obszarze badania dotyczące znaczenia religii i religijności dla kształtowania intencji migracyjnych są nieliczne, jednak pokazują istotność tych czynników (Myers 2000). Celem przedstawionych w artykule badań była analiza powiązań między dwoma ujętymi wielowymiarowo konstruktami teoretycznymi – religijnością a otwartością na karierę międzynarodową. Przebadano n=324 studentów (75,30% kobiet). Średnia wieku w badanej grupie wynosiła M=20,84 (SD=1,58). Zastosowano następujące narzędzia badawcze: Skalę Centralności Religijności Hubera (2003; Zarzycka 2007, 2011), Skalę Przekonań Postkrytycznych Hutsebauta (1996; Bartczuk, Wiechetek, Zarzycka 2011; Bartczuk, Zarzycka, Wiechetek 2013) oraz Skalę Otwartości na Karierę Międzynarodową Bańki (2005). Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań nie potwierdziły dotychczasowych rezultatów wskazujących na to, że religijność jednostek ma istotne znaczenie w kontekście intencji migracyjnych (por. przegląd badań Myersa [2000]). Ujawniły natomiast, że to raczej odrzucanie religii może wiązać się z większą otwartością na karierę międzynarodową. The importance of religion on the several stages of migration is mentioned in the literature (Hagan, Ebaugh 2003; Hagan 2013; cf. Williams 2000). Although in the shaping of migrational intentions and decision making in this area, the crucial role play financial issues and need of improving material status (Kontuly, Smith, Heaton 1995; Myers 2000), it seems that axiological beliefs, especially religious ones, are important. The conducted research regarding importance of religion and religiosity for shaping of migrational intentions are not so numerous. However, they show the significance of these factors (Myers 2000). The aim of the research presented in this article was the analysis of two multidimensional theoretical constructs – religiosity and openness to international career. There were 324 students examined (75.30% of them were women). The mean age in this group was M=20.84 (SD=1.58). There were used following measures: The Centrality of Religiosity Scale of Huber (2003; Zarzycka 2007, 2011), The Post-Critical Belief Scale of Hutsebaut (1996; Bartczuk, Wiechetek, Zarzycka 2011; Bartczuk, Zarzycka, Wiechetek 2013) and Openness to International Career Scale of Bańka (2005). The obtained results did not confirm previous results indicating that individual religiosity has an important meaning in the context of migrational intentions (see research review of Myers [2000]). However, the research reveals that rather rejection of religion may be connected with bigger openness to international career.
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    Deconversion Processes and Quality of Life among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Social Support
    (2021) Zarzycka, Beata; Puchalska-Wasyl, Małgorzata; Łysiak, Małgorzata
    During adolescence, biological, psychological, and social changes naturally propel youth to confront religious matters and form outlooks, moral beliefs, and religious attitudes. However, it is not uncommon for them to manifest changes of affiliation with a religious group or a total removal of all religious expressions within their lives. In Poland, a decline in the level of religiosity of young people has been reported for years. This study aimed to analyze how processes of deconversion affect adolescents’ quality of life. In total, 272 respondents aged between 14 and 18 (M = 15.74, SD = 1.14) participated in the research. The Adolescent Deconversion Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents were applied. The results showed that existential emptiness and faith abandonment predicted lower adolescent satisfaction, since they weakened the sense of family support. However, moral criticism predicted higher social integration, because adolescents who criticize moral rules taught by religion had a stronger sense of peer support.
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    Deconversion Processes in Adolescence - The Role of Parental and Peer Factors
    (MDPI, 2020) Łysiak, Małgorzata; Zarzycka, Beata; Puchalska-Wasyl, Małgorzata
    The phenomenon of abandonment of faith, which in psychology is referred to as deconversion, is observed today. Deconversion is particularly widespread in young people. In this paper we examine the parents’ religiosity, parents’ care, and social support as potential predictors of deconversion in adolescents. Specifically, we aimed to analyse whether or not parents’ religiousness, individual differences in childrens’ attachment to their parents, and received support from family, friends, and significant others differentiate adolescents in deconversion processes. The hypotheses were tested on a sample of 232 adolescents in a cross-sectional study, which applied three scales. The Adolescent Deconversion Scale, Parental Bonding Instrument, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. The results showed that adolescents having both caring and religious parents are less prone to abandon faith and to moral criticism than those having caring but not religious parents or those having religious but not caring parents. The low social support group was more likely to abandon faith and moral criticism than moderate or high social support groups. Regression analyses revealed that deconversion in adolescence is negatively predicted by the mother’s care and friends’ support.
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    Dekonwersja i formowanie tożsamości u adolescentów
    (2021) Puchalska-Wasyl, Małgorzata; Łysiak, Małgorzata; Zarzycka, Beata
    The study analyzes deconversion and its connections with the identity formation. Participants were 272 adolescents aged between 14 and 18. Three scales were used: the Circumplex Identity Modes Questionnaire, the Internal Dialogical Activity Scale-Revised, and the Adolescent Deconversion Scale.
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    Disclosure to God as a Mediator Between Private Prayer and Psychological Well-Being in a Christian Sample
    (Springer Nature, 2021) Zarzycka, Beata; Krok, Dariusz
    Although a number of studies have reported the psychological and physical benefits of prayer, only a few have examined the means by which prayer affects health. Winkeljohn Black et al. (J Relig Health 54(2):540-553, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9840-4) found disclosure to God as a mediator in the relationship between prayer and mental health. In their study, the authors used Poloma and Pendleton’s (Rev Relig Res 31(1):46-53, 1989. https://doi.org/10.2307/3511023, ) model of prayer. This study examined whether disclosure to God as a mediator can be upheld with Laird et al.’s (Int J Psychol Relig 14(4):251–272, 2004) prayer model. The study included 285 Polish adults (50.2% of women), aged between 18 and 60 years. The Multidimensional Prayer Inventory, the Revised Distress Disclosure Index, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale were applied to the research. The results showed that the prayer of thanksgiving correlated positively and the prayer of supplication negatively with well-being. Two indirect effects were significant, indicating disclosure to God as a mediator of the confession — well-being link and the supplication — well-being link.
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    Explaining the Relationship Between Post-Critical Beliefs and Sense of Coherence in Polish Young, Middle, and Late Adults
    (Springer Nature, 2014) Zarzycka, Beata; Rydz, Elżbieta
    The subject of the presented research is the analysis of relations between Post-Critical Belief and Sense of Coherence in women and men in early, middle, and late adulthood. Six hundred and thirty-six individuals participated in the research, 332 women and 304 men, at the age of 18-79 years. We applied the Post-Critical Belief scale by Hutsebaut (J Empir Theol 9:48-66, 1996) and the Sense of Coherence scale (SOC-29) by Antonovsky (Soc Sci Med 36:725-733, 1993). The results suggest that the salutogenic function of religiosity is related to age and gender — in women, it is most strongly marked in late, and in men, in middle adulthood.
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    How Does the Catholic Clergy Influence What Poles in the UK Know and Think about Brexit?
    (MDPI, 2022) Wódka, Marek; Fel, Stanisław; Zarzycka, Beata; Kozak, Jarosław
    Religion can determine how people perceive socio-political reality, especially in a cultural context in which religious affiliation is an important part of national identity. This has a special significance in the Polish cultural context, in which Catholicism is considered the national religion, and its institutional dimension plays an important role in the Polish socio-political domain. The purpose of this study is to analyse how religion affects the socio-political attitudes of Poles abroad. This analysis focuses directly on evaluating the influence of the spiritual leaders of Polish community organisations in the UK on the knowledge and opinions of Brexit among Polish post-accession emigrants to the UK. The study was conducted on a sample of 620 Poles living in the UK (62.6% male) using a group-administered questionnaire. The study found that the Polish Catholic clergy did not play an important role in opinion-forming, i.e., in shaping what Polish emigrants to the UK know and think about Brexit. What proved to be the most powerful factor in terms of opinion-making was the British mass media. The influence of the Catholic clergy on the knowledge of—and opinions on—Brexit among Polish emigrants was only evident among elderly people who did not know English very well, and who regularly participated in religious activities.
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    Inclusion of Transcendence and Literal Interpretation on Perceived Stability of Marriage in Polish Spouses. Study Data
    (2022) Zarzycka, Beata; Tomaka, Kamil; Mahoney, Annette; Rybarski, Radosław
    Raw data from the study. The purpose of this cross-sectional study with 470 Polish married (67%) or cohabiting (33%) individuals (237 women and 233 men) was to examine whether and how two dimensions of individual religiousness (Inclusion vs. Exclusion of Transcendence (IT) and Symbolic vs. Literal Interpretation (SI)) as assessed by the Post-Critical Beliefs Scale were associated with the perceived stability of marriage (Marriage Stability Scale). As expected, greater affirmation of God’s existence as real (i.e., higher Inclusion of Transcendence) and greater literal interpretation of religious doctrines (i.e., lower Symbolic Interpretation) were associated with greater perceived stability of marriage. The former association was also mediated in expected directions by the greater sanctification of marriage; this mediation pathway was moderated by the dimension of symbolic and literal interpretation such that the mediation pathway from the IT to sanctification to marital stability was markedly stronger for those with more literal views of religious doctrine.
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    Internal Dialogue as a Mediator in the Relationship Between Prayer and Well-Being
    (ReKUL, 2019-01-01) Puchalska-Wasyl, Małgorzata; Zarzycka, Beata
    Prayer, as spiritual communication with God, is a significant part of every major world religion and a frequent religious practice of believers across the globe. When people are praying, they are not only communicating with God (upward prayer), but in the presence of God they are also exploring their relationships with themselves (inward prayer) and with other people (outward prayer). According to Baesler (2012) prayerful communication creates and sustains these relationships, therefore we assume that internal dialogues can be involved in prayer. The aim of this article is to examine whether internal dialogues can be mediators in the relationship between upward, inward and outward prayer and well-being. A total of 223 respondents (160 female and 63 male) participated in the study. The Prayer Thoughts Scale by Ladd and Spilka, the Internal Dialogical Activity Scale by Oleś, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale by Ryff were applied to the research. The results showed that internal dialogue serves as a mediator for the relationship between inward, outward and upward prayer and well-being. Inward prayer increases ruminative and confronting dialogues, which in turn decrease well-being. Upward prayer increases well-being by lowering ruminative dialogues. Outward prayer enhances well-being through its effect on supportive dialogues. Additionally, social simulation dialogues, when affecting outward prayer, have a detrimental effect on well-being.
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    Internal Dialogue as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Prayer and Well-Being
    (Springer Nature, 2020) Puchalska-Wasyl, Małgorzata; Zarzycka, Beata
    When people are praying, they are not only communicating with God (upward prayer), but also they are exploring their relationships with themselves (inward prayer) and with other people (outward prayer). Internal dialogical activity includes areas which correspond to upward, inward, and outward prayer. Therefore, the aim of this article is to examine whether and how internal dialogues can be mediators in the relationship between these three types of prayer and well-being. Data from 193 respondents (143 females) were analyzed in the study. We used: the Prayer Thoughts Scale, the Internal Dialogical Activity Scale, and the Psychological Well-Being Scale. The results showed that internal dialogue served as a mediator of the relationship between upward, inward, and outward prayer and well-being.
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    Interpersonal Forgiveness and Meaning in Life in Older Adults: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of the Religious Meaning System
    (MDPI, 2021) Krok, Dariusz; Zarzycka, Beata
    Forgiving others may play an important role in achieving meaning in life as it offers a valuable platform for deliberate moral acts of acceptance of positive affect, behaviour, and cognition towards a transgressor. The aim of this paper was to analyse the relationship between forgiveness and presence, and the search for meaning in life, as well as the mediating role of the religious meaning system in this relationship among older adults. A total of 205 older adults, 112 women and 93 men, participated in the study. The mean age was 72.59. The Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Scale, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, and the Religious Meaning System Questionnaire were employed in the research; revenge and avoidance revealed negative correlations with presence, whereas benevolence showed positive correlations, but not with the search for meaning in life. The religious meaning system was confirmed as a mediator in the relationships between forgiveness (revenge, avoidance, and benevolence) and both presence and the search for meaning. The findings point to the significant role played by religious beliefs and behaviour in the domain of purpose and goals. Additionally, testing the mediation and moderation effects sheds new light on the interaction of compassion- and goal-oriented mechanisms in older adults’ meaning in life.
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    Is it possible to discriminate value patterns of Wulff`s approaches to religion in Polish sample?
    (Belgian Association for Psychological Sciences (BAPS), 2013) Śliwak, Jacek; Zarzycka, Beata
    Based on Schwartz's (1992) value theory, Fontaine, Luyten and Corveleyn (2000) found that the value patterns associated with Wulff's (1991, 1999) four approaches toward religion could be reduced to a combination of two theoretically meaningful value patterns: a Transcendence/Mutual Care and a Social order/Uncertainty avoidance pattern. In this study, we examined whether we could replicate these findings in a Polish sample.
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    Kryzys w wartościowaniu a religijność
    (Stowarzyszenie Psychologia i Architektura, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 2011) Śliwak, Jacek; Zarzycka, Beata; Rak, Renata
    In the course of life, everyone is subject to taking the trouble of developing both personality and religious life. Axiological sensitivity and religious sensitivity are interdependent phenomena. Valuing comprises cognitive, emotional and motivational processes as well as behaviours such as: acknowledging, reasoning, accepting, estimating, preferring and feeling of implementing values. Religiousness is understood as a type of a personal relationship with God through which a man meets the most important aims of existence. The research discussed is focused on connections between disintegration in the process of valuing and the relationship between man and God. 126 people, 63 women and 63 men constituted the study group. The Questionnaire of Crisis in Valuing by P. Oleś and the The Scale of Relationship with God by D. Hutsebaut were applied in the research. Empirical research verified the initially formulated research hypotheses, indicating the presence of statistically important connections between the crisis in valuing and the dimensions of religious relationship. In the general group, religiousness correlates to the greatest extent with difficulties in arranging the system of values into hierarchy. A different view of connections arises in the groups differentiated on the basis of sex.
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    Makiawelizm a relacje interpersonalne, czyli jak manipulowanie ludźmi wpływa na stosunki międzyludzkie
    (Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego, 2017) Śliwak, Jacek; Partyka, Józef; Zarzycka, Beata; Łobaczewski, Paweł
    The theme of this work is about connecting between the machiavellism and the interpersonal relationships. The main part of the work shows the results of studies carried out empirically about the correlation between machiavellism variable and the variable of interpersonal relations, making use of its subscales. The main conclusion, which was put forward after analyzing the results, is the existence of important relationships between machiavellism and interpersonal relations. The study also confirmed the hypotheses, which have been entered into the difference between men and women of various interpersonal relationships subscale results. Additionally, machiavellism rate spikes proved to have significant impact on the quality and range of social contacts – at higher machiavellism dominant negative interpersonal relationships.
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    Measuring the quality of life of people with life-threatening illnesses: the internal structure of the Polish adaptation of the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire – Revised
    (Termedia sp. z o.o., 2018) Rabarski, Radosław; Zarzycka, Beata; Bernat, Arkadiusz
    Aim of the study: The McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire has been widely used for people with life-threatening illnesses since 1996. In 2016 Cohen et al. revised the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire and improved its psychometric properties and length. The aim of the present study was to adapt the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire – Revised (MQOL-R) into Polish. The study assessed the factorial structure, reliability, and validity of the Polish adaptation of the MQOL-R. Material and methods: The study had a non-randomised, cross-sectional design. The Polish translation of the MQOL-R was administered to 140 people with life-threatening illnesses. Patients were recruited from acute and palliative care units. Data were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis, and correlational and multiple regression analyses. Results: The results provide support for the measurement structure of the Polish adaptation of the MQOL-R. Both the overall scale and four subscales have satisfactory internal consistency and the construct and concurrent validity. Conclusions: The Polish MQOL-R is psychometrically sound and may serve as a valuable asset in research on quality of life of people with life-threatening illnesses.