Główne powody wprowadzania obostrzeń w zawieraniu małżeństw mieszanych u wybranych autorów starożytnych i w kościelnych Kanonach Synodalnych
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Date
2021
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Wydawnictwo KUL
Abstract
Małżeństwo i rodzina jako instytucje należą do porządku naturalnego w każdej kulturze, albowiem stanowiły podstawę funkcjonowania społeczeństwa w wielu najistotniejszych wymiarach jego funkcjonowania. Należy zaznaczyć, że w starożytnym świecie przenikało się wiele kultur i środowisk dzięki ogromnym obszarom pozostających pod władaniem Imperatorów i instytucji im podległych. Przemieszczanie się osób wolnych oraz kontakt z odmiennymi obyczajowo i wyznaniowo osobami nie napotykał trudności. Zrodził się więc problem zachowania tożsamości religijnej, społecznej i ekonomicznej. Różne motywy powodowały wprowadzenie obostrzeń z zawieraniu małżeństwa mieszanych. Można je podzielić zasadniczo na kilka grup: w sposób szczególny z dezaprobatą środowiska spotykała się zagrożenia związane z wyznawaną wiarą, co można zauważyć w tradycji judaistycznej oraz chrześcijańskiej, w starożytnej Grecji i Rzymie natomiast zauważalne są obostrzenia związane ze statusem społecznym i ekonomicznym. W chrześcijaństwie szczególną rolę odgrywała troska o czystość życia moralnego ochrzczonych, a w pierwszych wiekach w sposób szczególny promowana było w różnych środowiskach koncepcja jednego i jedynego małżeństwa, dlatego osoby, które zawarły ponowny związek nie mogły wypełniać obowiązków duchownych.
Marriage and the family as institutions belong to the natural order in every culture, because they constituted the basis for the functioning of society in many of the most important dimensions of its functioning. It should be noted, however, that in each environment you can find the phenomenon of mixed marriages as well as the existing restrictions in contracting them. Various motives resulted in the introduction of restrictions on entering into mixed marriages. They can be broadly divided into several groups: the threats related to the professed faith were particularly disapproved of, which can be seen in the Judaic and Christian traditions, while in ancient Rome there are noticeable restrictions related to the relationship between free and liberated people, relations between senators and their descendants up to the third degree and a person with a bad reputation, such as an actress or a prostitute, the relationship between the guardian and the ward, and finally the relationship between an active soldier and, for example, a woman from a Roman province. In ancient Israel, the motive for restricting mixed marriages was to preserve the identity of the nation and preserve pure monotheistic faith and worship against widespread idolatrous practices. Similarly, in Christianity, from the very beginning, concern for the purity of the faith was a guiding idea not only for Christian authors of the first four centuries, but also for synod participants who spoke about disciplinary matters. Marriage was forbidden with Gentiles (especially with pagan priests), Jews and heretics. Clergy at various levels were also restricted, who were not allowed to marry a widow, prostitute, or actress of another person of dubious reputation.
Marriage and the family as institutions belong to the natural order in every culture, because they constituted the basis for the functioning of society in many of the most important dimensions of its functioning. It should be noted, however, that in each environment you can find the phenomenon of mixed marriages as well as the existing restrictions in contracting them. Various motives resulted in the introduction of restrictions on entering into mixed marriages. They can be broadly divided into several groups: the threats related to the professed faith were particularly disapproved of, which can be seen in the Judaic and Christian traditions, while in ancient Rome there are noticeable restrictions related to the relationship between free and liberated people, relations between senators and their descendants up to the third degree and a person with a bad reputation, such as an actress or a prostitute, the relationship between the guardian and the ward, and finally the relationship between an active soldier and, for example, a woman from a Roman province. In ancient Israel, the motive for restricting mixed marriages was to preserve the identity of the nation and preserve pure monotheistic faith and worship against widespread idolatrous practices. Similarly, in Christianity, from the very beginning, concern for the purity of the faith was a guiding idea not only for Christian authors of the first four centuries, but also for synod participants who spoke about disciplinary matters. Marriage was forbidden with Gentiles (especially with pagan priests), Jews and heretics. Clergy at various levels were also restricted, who were not allowed to marry a widow, prostitute, or actress of another person of dubious reputation.
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Keywords
małżeństwa mieszane, synody, Ojcowie Kościoła, obostrzenia, Stary Testament, Nowy Testament, starożytny Rzym, starożytna Grecja, mixed marriages, synods, Church Fathers, restrictions, Old Testament, New Testament, ancient Rome, ancient Greece
Citation
"Vox Patrum", 2021, T. 79, s. 379-408