Izaak I Komnen (1007-1060). Wódz, buntownik, cesarz - w poszukiwaniu jego doktryny wojennej?
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Date
2021
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Wydawnictwo KUL
Abstract
Izaak Komnen (1007–1060) był pierwszym przedstawicielem swojej rodziny, który zasiadł na tronie cesarskim w Konstantynopolu. Ten wychowany przez cesarza Bazylego II (976–1025) człowiek, podczas niezwykle krótkiego panowania, próbował naprawić błędy swoich poprzedników, którzy pod koniec dynastii macedońskiej osłabili kraj Rzymian pod względem militarnym. Nie byłoby to możliwe bez edukacji wojskowej, rozszerzonej poprzez doświadczenie empiryczne, które Izaak nabył podczas lat służby na różnych poziomach armii cesarstwa. Czy jest zatem możliwe nakreślenie doktryny wojennej, która kierowała tym człowiekiem na różnych etapach jego służby wojskowej, a której końcem była imperialna purpura? Monety i pieczęcie pozostałe po panowaniu tego basileusa są wyraźnym dowodem na próbę odbudowy prestiżu bizantyńskiej broni i majestatu władzy cesarskiej. Izaak odniósł się w nich do pamięci swojego wielkiego poprzednika i wychowawcy Bazylego II, który w stylu podobnym do wykorzystanego przez Komnena na monetach, jest przedstawiony w stworzonym dla niego menologium. Odzwierciedla to również doktrynę wojenną, której był wierny Izaak Komnen przez całe swoje dorosłe życie. Nie był w żaden sposób twórcą nowego punktu widzenia na bizantyńską armię tamtego okresu, ale raczej kontynuował dzieło Bazylego II, Jana Tzimiskesa i Nicefora II Fokasa. Było to trudne zadanie wobec geopolitycznej pozycji Bizancjum na początku drugiej połowy XI wieku, zwłaszcza z powodu parcia różnego rodzaju koczowników na granice imperium w Europie oraz Azji. Niestety Izaak nie miał dość czasu, aby się wywiązać z założonego sobie zadania.
Isaac Komnenos (1007–1060) was the first representative of his family to sit on the imperial throne in Constantinople. He was raised by Emperor Basil II (976–1025). During his unusually short reign heattempted to rectify the errors of his predecessors, who at the end of the Macedonian dynasty left the Empire militarily weak. This would not have been possible without military education supplemented by hands-on experience that Isaac acquired during his years of service at various levels in the Byzantine army. Is it possible, then, to outline the war doctrine that guided this man at various stages of his service, and whose end was the imperial purple? The coins and seals remaining after the reign of this basileus are clear evidence of attempts to rebuild the prestige propaganda of Byzantine weaponry and the majesty of imperial rule. Isaac referred to his great predecessor and protector Basil II, who in a style similar to that of Komnenos is depicted on coins with a menologium made for him. It also well reflects the military doctrine that Isaac Komnenos followed throughout his adult life. He was not in any way the creator of a new approach to the Byzantine military of that period, but rather he continued the work of Basil II, John I Tzimiskes and Nikephoros II Phokas. It was a difficult task in the geopolitical circumstances of Byzantium at the beginning of the second half of the 11th century, mainly because of nomads pressing against the imperial borders in Europe and Asia. Unfortunately, Isaac did not have enough time to complete it.
Isaac Komnenos (1007–1060) was the first representative of his family to sit on the imperial throne in Constantinople. He was raised by Emperor Basil II (976–1025). During his unusually short reign heattempted to rectify the errors of his predecessors, who at the end of the Macedonian dynasty left the Empire militarily weak. This would not have been possible without military education supplemented by hands-on experience that Isaac acquired during his years of service at various levels in the Byzantine army. Is it possible, then, to outline the war doctrine that guided this man at various stages of his service, and whose end was the imperial purple? The coins and seals remaining after the reign of this basileus are clear evidence of attempts to rebuild the prestige propaganda of Byzantine weaponry and the majesty of imperial rule. Isaac referred to his great predecessor and protector Basil II, who in a style similar to that of Komnenos is depicted on coins with a menologium made for him. It also well reflects the military doctrine that Isaac Komnenos followed throughout his adult life. He was not in any way the creator of a new approach to the Byzantine military of that period, but rather he continued the work of Basil II, John I Tzimiskes and Nikephoros II Phokas. It was a difficult task in the geopolitical circumstances of Byzantium at the beginning of the second half of the 11th century, mainly because of nomads pressing against the imperial borders in Europe and Asia. Unfortunately, Isaac did not have enough time to complete it.
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Keywords
Bizancjum, Izaak Komnen, Seldżukowie, Pieczyngowie, wojna, doktryna, cesarz, rebelia, Komnenowie, Byzantium, Isaac Komnenos, Seljuks, Pechengs, Komnenos, war, doctrine, emperor, rebel
Citation
"Vox Patrum", 2021, T. 77, s. 81-96