Review of European and Comparative Law, 2020, Vol. 41, No 2
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- ItemAccess to a Lawyer in Proceedings for Minor Offences Under Polish and European Union Law(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-06-30) Bień-Węgłowska, IwonaThe Article deals with the opportunity for a suspected person and the passive party in the proceedings for offences to exercise the right of access to a lawyer and the right of legal counsel. The aim of the article is to provide a comparative legal analysis of the provisions of the Code of Procedure in Minor Offences against the background of the EU guarantees under Directives 2013/48/EU and 2016/1919/EU. Directive 2013/48/EU deals with one of the two aspects of the aforementioned right: namely the right of access to a lawyer for suspects and accused persons in criminal proceedings, while the right to legal aid and to state-guaranteed legal assistance in certain circumstances is regulated by Directive 2016/1919/EU.
- ItemDirective 2013/48/EU and the Requested Person’s Right to Appoint a Lawyer in the Issuing Member State in European Arrest Warrant Proceedings(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-06-30) Glerum, VincentDirective 2013/48/EU gives persons who are subject to European arrest warrant proceedings the right to “dual representation”: not only the right of access to a lawyer in the executing Member State but also the right to appoint a lawyer in the issuing Member State, whose limited role it is to provide information and advice to the lawyer in the executing Member State with a view to the effective exercise of the requested person’s rights under Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA. The right to appoint a lawyer in the issuing Member State is supposed to contribute to facilitating judicial cooperation. This article takes a closer look at that right and tries to establish whether – and, if so, to what extent – that right does indeed facilitate judicial cooperation.
- ItemThe Right to Silence in the EU Directive 2016/343 on the Strengthening of Certain Aspects of the Presumption of Innocence from the Perspective of Polish Criminal Proceedings(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-06-30) Sakowicz, AndrzejThe right to remain silent is one of the most fundamental principles of domestic and international criminal law. It’s is also closely related to the presumption of innocence. As the responsibility is placed on the prosecution to prove the guilt of a person it follows that the accused should not be forced to assist the prosecution by being forced to speak. The right to remain silent expresses the individual’s right not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt. Its core component is the freedom to choose whether or not to give answers to individual questions or to provide explanations. To use against the suspected silence under police questioning and his refusal to testify during trial amounted to subverting the presumption of innocence and the onus of proof resulting from that presumption: it is for the prosecution to prove the accused’s guilt without any assistance from the latter being required. This article has to objectives. Firstly, to interpret the right to remain silent in the light to of the Directive 2016/343 on the strengthening of certain aspects of the presumption of innocence and of the right to be present at the trial in criminal proceeding. Secondly, the Directive 2016/343 can be used as reference to evaluate a degree to which Polish legal solutions conform to the Directive in question, giving rise to several postulates in that matter. The analysis will also include shortages and problems resulting from imperfect Polish criminal process in that field.
- ItemThe Right to Defence in Poland. Remarks on the Latest Amendments of the Code of Criminal Procedure from the European Perspective(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-06-30) Smarzewski, MarekThe article discusses the issue of standards of the right to defence and takes into account the recent amendments of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The analysis is conducted against the background of minimum standards of the right to defence set out under European law. A reference introduced to the title of the Code includes the assertion that the legislator has implemented the provisions of Directive of 22 October 2013 on the right of access to a lawyer in criminal proceedings and in European arrest warrant proceedings, and on the right to have a third party informed upon deprivation of liberty and to communicate with third persons and with consular authorities while deprived of liberty as well as Directive of 9 March 2016 on the strengthening of certain aspects of the presumption of innocence and of the right to be present at the trial in criminal proceedings. However, it should be emphasized in this context that as a result of changes made in the discussed scope in the years 2016-2019, the legislator not only failed to fully implement the aforementioned Directives, but even introduced modifications that led to lowering the standards of the right to defence and guarantees of its implementation, both in material as well as formal terms.
- Item“Dual Legal Representation” of a Requested Person in European Arrest Warrant Proceedings – Remarks from the Polish Perspective(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-06-30) Wąsek-Wiaderek, MałgorzataW artykule podjęto próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy prawo polskie oferuje możliwość tzw. "podwójnej reprezentacji", jak tego wymaga art. 10 dyrektywy unijnej 2013/48 oraz art. 5 dyrektywy unijnej 2016/1919. Analiza obejmuje obie perspektywy, to znaczy zbadano zarówno możliwość realizowania prawa do "podwójnej reprezentacji" w postępowaniu w sprawie wykonania Europejskiego Nakazu Aresztowania prowadzonym w Polsce, jak i prawo do wyznaczenia obrońcy w Polsce jako kraju wydania tego nakazu. Rozważania dotyczą jedynie Europejskich Nakazów Aresztowania wydanych w celu ścigania. Chociaż oba wymienione przepisy dyrektyw nie zostały wdrożone do prawa krajowego, ich bezpośrednie stosowanie może zapewnić pełne korzystanie przez osobę ściganą z prawa do "podwójnej reprezentacji". Dzięki temu, że prawo polskie traktuje osobę ściganą jak oskarżonego w postępowaniu karnym, Kodeks postępowania karnego oferuje podstawy prawne do ustanowienia/wyznaczenia osobie ściganej obrońcy w Polsce jako kraju wydania Europejskiego Nakazu Aresztowania.
- ItemAccess to a Lawyer for Suspects at the Police Station and During Detention Proceedings(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-06-30) Markiewicz, TymonDirective 2013/48/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2013 on the right of access to a lawyer lays down minimum standards concerning access to a lawyer for suspects and the accused in criminal proceedings, as well as persons subject to the European arrest warrant proceedings. The present article focus on the subject of access to a lawyer at the earliest stage of criminal proceedings – in connection with arrest as well as during proceedings concerning the use of pre-trial detention. Author analyzes in sequence: subjective scope of the right to a lawyer, the right to a lawyer for the person deprived of liberty, confidentiality of communications between the person deprived of liberty and their lawyer. The main statement is that Poland does not meet that standard.
- ItemAccess to a Lawyer for a Suspect at Early Stage of Criminal Proceedings and Its Participation in Investigative Acts(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-06-30) Dzierżanowska, JoannaThis elaboration is dedicated to analysis of access to a lawyer for a suspect at early stage of criminal proceedings in Polish criminal law in the light of directive 2013/48/EU. In particular, it emphasizes the suspect's right of access to a lawyer during identity parade, confrontation and reconstruction of the scene of a crime. It considers whether the applicable legal provisions of the Polish Code of Criminal Procedure ensure, above all, appropriate scope of the right of the defence for the suspected person in view of the indicated evidentiary activities and whether this scope corresponds to the standards designated by the European Union directive 2013/48/EU.
- ItemEffective Access to Defence Counsel in the Judicial Stage of Polish Criminal Proceedings in the Scope of Directives 2013/48/EU and 2016/1919/EU(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-06-30) Zbiciak, AdrianArtykuł analizuje niektóre przepisy polskiego Kodeksu postępowania karnego dotyczące prawa oskarżonego do dostępu do obrońcy, ograniczonego do etapu postępowania przed sądem, w kontekście przepisów dwóch aktów prawnych UE dotyczących tej kwestii: Dyrektywy 2013/48/UE i Dyrektywy 2016/1919/UE. Przepisy polskiego k.p.k. co do zasady spełniają standard Dyrektywy 2013/48. Pewien problem może wystąpić w sytuacji, gdy wyznaczony jest obrońca z urzędu, a sąd zdecyduje się prowadzić postępowanie pod jego nieobecność. Nawet co do tej kwestii przepisy dają możliwość procedowania zgodnie ze standardem unijnym. Jeśli chodzi o wymogi wynikające z Dyrektywy 2016/1919, polskie przepisy dotyczące etapu postępowania sądowego spełniają normę unijną nawet w poziomie wyższym, niż minimalny. Jedyny znaczący problem może wynikać z obowiązku złożenia wniosku o wyznaczenie obrońcy z urzędu w ściśle określonym terminie, nadal jednak dzięki konkretnym rozwiązaniom gwarancyjnym przewidzianym w polskim k.p.k. standard Dyrektywy 2016/1919 jest zachowany.
- ItemBusiness in the U.S. Democracy(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-09-01) Solymossy, EmericThis paper discusses a model of business in a “democracy” by identifying the three underlying concepts; the individual, the collective (society), and the government (system and mechanics). Furthermore, each of these elements is also a multi-factor construct. The foundations and development of the United States is discussed. The exploration, discovery and development of any new country require risk taking and innovative behavior, which was instrumental in the creation of heroes and myths, which shaped much of the culture. From this background, some of the principle characteristics of the entrepreneur are explored and correlated to some generally accepted measures of national culture. The concepts are developed; their inter-relationships and the resulting dynamics are presented. The foundation(s) and uniqueness of the U.S. form of democracy is explored as a government typology. Data is presented exhibiting the variability of business confidence, and a conclusion is reached that the attitudes and policies of the government have a greater impact on business formation and success than the form of government.
- ItemCommunity Partnerships(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-09-01) Thomas, Adrainne; Casale, CarolynAn egalitarian model of university-school partnerships starts with a theoretical frame of equity and social justice. This qualitative research study sought to understand high school students’ perception of community service through an intergenerational university-high school-elementary school partnership. Data analysis consisted of detailed notes collected from university faculty who oversaw the focus group discussions and two graduate assistants who took observational notes. These notes were analyzed and thematically organized. The findings indicate that the students enjoyed the experience and were highly motivated to complete and read their community themed book for the younger children in their community. This research contributes new knowledge to the field of community engagement and to the field of informal and formal education through its analysis of discussions on meaningful community service pertaining to university-school collaborative partnerships.
- ItemProsecuting Attorneys in a Democracy – A California Perspective(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-09-01) McKinley, PatrickA prosecuting attorney in a democracy is very important in the processing of criminal cases- from pre-filing to final appeal. Much of the involvement of the District Attorney, both before a criminal case is filed, and during the prosecution of the case, stems from the “Exclusionary Rule”. It is the usual case that the police will bring their investigation, their arrest warrant or search warrant affidavit to a District Attorney to review it prior to taking it to the judge. In this connection, District Attorneys will themselves reject 5-10% of the warrant requests submitted to them for approval, often asking law enforcement to do some further investigation before resubmitting the warrant. Furthermore, because of the Doctrine of Separation of Powers, only the District Attorney or the California State Attorney General can make the decision to file or not file a case. This Article illustrates the impact of such discretion. The problem of democracy is strictly connected to the process of DA’s selection, what has also been here presented. Another fundamental issue is a role of DA in voir dire, mainly because jury trials are guaranteed by the federal Constitution and are associated with the idea of democracy. Separation of Powers and Judicial Control of the DA, the police, and the sentencing of those convicted of crimes have been analyzed from the perspective of the California law. Additionally, the article includes final comments on the technological progress and its impact on criminal law and democracy. All the conclusions have been made in reference to Author’s experience as Assistant DA in California.
- ItemCampus Governance in U.S. Universities and Colleges(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-09-01) Laforge, William N.The governance of universities and colleges in the United States basically follows the concept and spirit of democracy embraced by the nation from its birth. The systems and practices in place at most U.S. institutions of higher learning include collaborative, representative, or collective decision-making arrangements known as shared governance. However, these systems and practices are hardly uniform due to the diversity of governance patterns that reflect the unique and different history, needs, and mission of a particular institution. Sometimes they are differentiated from, and contrasted with, corporate, business, and more authoritarian or centralized forms of institutional governance. In contrast with university governance elsewhere in the world—that can range from strong central government control to private self-regulated operations—the U.S. forms of campus governance have emerged in a country that does not have centralized authority over education. U.S. institutions of higher learning respond to a variety of controls and interests that are on display variously at public, private non-profit, private for-profit, and religious universities. Governance, authority, and administration are spread across a wide spectrum of players, including governing boards; presidents, chancellors, and other administrators; the academy/faculty; administrative staff; campus committees; students; and, even some external factors. Shared governance is not a perfect formula or panacea for university administration and decision-making. It does, however, provide a methodology, system, and concept that can help guide the leadership of a university as it approaches the administration and conduct of its educational responsibilities. In today’s higher education environment, the term governance is rather expansive. In one sense, it means top-down governance that is the rightful role and authority of an institutional board charged with overseeing policy, programming, performance, and executive guidance and evaluation. But, it also variously means the use of institutional strategies, operations, and components to distribute, disseminate, and “share” authority and responsibilities for a university’s administrative, management, and decision-making functions, i.e., “on-campus governance.” In this respect, shared governance “borrows” many of the attributes and principles of democratic government. In any case, shared governance, in its many forms and applications, is widely practiced in U.S. universities, including Delta State University.
- ItemAcademic Freedom: a Choice Between Conservative or Liberal Perceptions – the Case of the United States(Wydawnictwo KUL, 2020-09-01) Maćkowska, KatarzynaIt is only the minimum extent to which the law becomes the instrument of coping with social tautness regarding the academic freedom. On the one hand, legal provisions significantly limit the number of cases related to hate crimes but on the other, they sometimes narrow a discussion due to difficulties in harmonizing individual’s rights and campuses’ perception - a phenomenon, which in the U.S. had been called as “chilling” the freedom. Undoubtedly, the enactment of free speech or academic freedom regulations at universities is necessary as it helps to prevent from a “hate speech” but the legal shape of this process has been strictly connected to a determination for either liberal or conservative description of the academic freedom. Regarding the newest Niche’s rankings, ten universities have been selected, five out of the most liberal and five the most conservative public ones. Furthermore, two catholic universities have been added to describe differences in defining the academic freedom. Moreover, some references have been made to the U.S. Supreme Court decisions, and the very fundamental documents, namely the 1940 Statement and Harvard Free Speech Guidelines. In the separate article a problem of legislative acts that had been enacted for the past two years in a response to Report of the Committee on Freedom of Expression by the University of Chicago of 2014 will be covered. A few remarks upon this matter have been hereby made, though. The article is based on a dogmatic legal method, including quotations of legal sources and their subsequent analysis.
- ItemTierra andaluza como Maja Dolorosa. O podmiotowości kompozytorów chrześcijańskich doby Restauracji (Pedrell, Albeniz, Granados, Falla)(2021-10-29) Błażejczyk, AnnaDysertacja prezentuje interdyscyplinarne ujęcie tematu. Celem rozprawy jest synteza wiedzy różnych dyscyplin (historii, historii kultury, iberystyki, muzykologii), pozwalająca rozwiązać główny problem badawczy - paradoks tożsamości grupy hiszpańskich kompozytorów doby Restauracji (1874-1923), określonych terminem hiszpańskiej szkoły narodowej; F. Pedrella, I. Albeniza, E. Granadosa i M. de Falla. Proces badania dotyczy określenia determinantów pozwalających wyjaśnić podmiotowość i tożsamość artystyczna grupy w relacji regionalizm - narodowość. Podmiotem pracy jest grupa kompozytorów muzyki klasycznej urodzonych i działających w Katalonii w okresie Restauracji, którzy poprzez własną twórczość, podmiotowość określili i związali z dziedzictwem regionu Andaluzji. Przedmiotem i tematem badania są zjawiska, procesy kształtujące motywacje i postawę artystów w oparciu o ich biografie oraz dorobek twórczy zarówno w wymiarze indywidualnym, jak i całej grupy. Praca ma charakter syntezy strukturalno-genetycznej. Składa się z części A i B. Część A stanowi tło historyczno-kulturowe tematu. Poświęcona jest dziejom Andaluzji oraz andaluzyjskiemu ruchowi kulturalno-narodowemu do 1923 r. Zawiera zarys historii regionu od starożytności do 1874 r., oraz historyczną charakterystykę okresu Restauracji w Hiszpanii. Część B prezentuje cztery filary podmiotowości kompozytorów hiszpańskich doby restauracji - Pedrella, Albeniza, Granadosa, de Falli. Na bazie rysu historycznego XIX-wiecznej muzyki hiszpańskiej ukazuje w twórczości poszczególnych kompozytorów cztery , zdefiniowane w części A, elementy tożsamości regionu.