Browsing by Author "Tomaka, Kamil"

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    Assertiveness Skills Scale. Study Data
    (2022-11-16) Zarzycka, Beata; Tomaka, Kamil; Król-Fijewska, Maria
    Raw data from the study. This study aimed to develop a measure of assertiveness, the Assertiveness Skills Scale (ASS). Assertiveness is the attitude of a person toward himself and other people, which means treating oneself and others with equal respect and regard for the rights. Assertiveness serves to increase self-satisfaction and good relationships with those around you. Four studies were conducted to develop the ASS. In Study 1., we generated an item pool for the ASS and established its internal structure using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In Study 2., we confirmed the internal structure of the ASS using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Study 3. examined the convergent and discriminant validity of the ASS. Study 4 examined test–retest reliability of the ASS. The psychometric properties of the ASS and the potential utility of the ASS are discussed.
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    Inclusion of Transcendence and Literal Interpretation on Perceived Stability of Marriage in Polish Spouses. Study Data
    (2022) Zarzycka, Beata; Tomaka, Kamil; Mahoney, Annette; Rybarski, Radosław
    Raw data from the study. The purpose of this cross-sectional study with 470 Polish married (67%) or cohabiting (33%) individuals (237 women and 233 men) was to examine whether and how two dimensions of individual religiousness (Inclusion vs. Exclusion of Transcendence (IT) and Symbolic vs. Literal Interpretation (SI)) as assessed by the Post-Critical Beliefs Scale were associated with the perceived stability of marriage (Marriage Stability Scale). As expected, greater affirmation of God’s existence as real (i.e., higher Inclusion of Transcendence) and greater literal interpretation of religious doctrines (i.e., lower Symbolic Interpretation) were associated with greater perceived stability of marriage. The former association was also mediated in expected directions by the greater sanctification of marriage; this mediation pathway was moderated by the dimension of symbolic and literal interpretation such that the mediation pathway from the IT to sanctification to marital stability was markedly stronger for those with more literal views of religious doctrine.
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    Multidimensional Prayer Inventory: Psychometric Properties and Clinical Applications
    (MDPI, 2022) Zarzycka, Beata; Krok, Dariusz; Tomaka, Kamil; Rybarski, Radosław
    Prayer is one of the most important aspects of religious/spiritual life. The psychological literature has identified various types of prayer and a few methods for measuring it. The Multidimensional Prayer Inventory (MPI) has received much attention from researchers since it allows for the capture of the most universal forms of prayer, characteristic of the Judeo-Christian tradition: Adoration, Confession, Thanksgiving, Supplication, and Reception. The aim of this article was to examine psychometric properties and clinical applications of the Polish MPI. In four studies, we established the internal structure of the MPI using Principal Component Analysis (PCA, study 1) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA, study 2), examined its validity and reliability in relation to religiousness (study 3), and analysed its clinical application (study 4). The Polish MPI has been confirmed as a reliable and valid measure of five types of prayer for use in research settings.
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    Narcissism and psychological entitlement as predictors of religious and spiritual struggle : the mediating effect of religious attributions
    (Institute of Psychology The Czech Academy of Sciences, 2020) Zarzycka, Beata; Tomaka, Kamil; Zając, Katarzyna; Marek, Klaudia
    Objectives. Narcissism and psychological entitlement were examined as predictors of divine, demonic, moral, interpersonal, ultimate meaning, and religious doubt struggles, in two separate studies. Religious attributions were tested as mediators of these relationships. Participants and setting. The participants were 180 adults, 102 women and 78 men (study 1) and 213 college students, 107 women and 106 men (study 2). Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), Entitlement Attitudes Questionnaire (EAQ), Religious and Spiritual Struggle Scale (RSSS), and Attributions toward God Scale (AtG) were applied. Hypothesis. Narcissism—self-admiration, leadership, vanity, and self-sufficiency—correlates with religious struggle. Active, passive, and revengeful entitlement correlates with religious struggles. Religious attributions—kind and cruel— are mediators in the relationships between narcissism and entitlement and religious struggle. Statistical analyses. The study was designed cross-sectionally. Correlations among the key constructs—narcissism/psychological entitlement, religious attributions, and religious struggle were calculated. The mediating effects of religious attributions on the relationships between narcissism/psychological entitlement and religious struggle were established by means of a series of mediation analyses. Results. Narcissism correlated with interpersonal struggle. Kind religious attributions were mediators in the relationships between narcissism and demonic, moral, and religious struggle with doubt. Psychological entitlement correlated with divine struggle. Cruelty and kind religious attributions were mediators in the relationships between psychological entitlement and demonic, moral, and struggle with ultimate meaning. Study limitation. The findings are affected by a relatively youthful sample. Religious struggle were measured by retrospective accounts of participant reactions to adverse events, whereas narcissism and psychological entitlement were measured through the present experiences of the participants. (The article is in English.). Cíle. Narcismus a psychologický nárok byly ve dvou studiích zkoumány jako prediktory zápasů: božských, ďábelských, morálních, interpersonálních, o základní význam a s náboženskými pochybnostmi. Náboženské atribuce byly testovány jako zprostředkovatelé těchto vztahů. Účastníci a uspořádání. Účastníky byli dospělí v počtu 180, z toho 102 žen a 78 mužů (studie 1) a středoškolští studenti v počtu 213, z toho 107 žen a 106 mužů (studie 2). Byly použity tyto metody: Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), Entitlement Attitudes Questionnaire (EAQ), Religious and Spiritual Struggle Scale (RSSS) a Attributions toward God Scale (AtG). Hypotéza. Narcismus – sebeobdivování, vůdcovství, marnivost a soběstačnost korelují s náboženským zápasem. Aktivní, pasivní a mstivý nárok korelují s náboženskými zápasy. Náboženské atribuce – laskavé a kruté – jsou zprostředkovateli ve vztazích mezi narcismem a nárokem a náboženským zápasem. Statistické analýzy. Výzkum byl navržen jako průřezová studie. Byly vypočítány korelace mezi klíčovými konstrukty – narcismem/psychologickým nárokem, náboženskými atribucemi a náboženským zápasem. Zprostředkující účinky náboženských atribucí na vztahy mezi narcismem/psychologickým nárokem a náboženským zápasem byly určeny pomocí série mediačních analýz. Výsledky. Narcismus koreloval s interpersonálním zápasem. Laskavé náboženské atribuce byly zprostředkovateli ve vztazích mezi narcismem a zápasy: ďábelskými, morálními a náboženskými s pochybnostmi. Psychologický nárok koreloval s božským zápasem. Krutost a laskavé náboženské atribuce byly zprostředkovateli ve vztazích mezi psychologickým nárokem a zápasy: ďábelským, morálním a zápasem o základní význam. Omezení studie. Zjištění jsou ovlivněna relativně mladým souborem. Náboženský zápas byl měřen retrospektivními záznamy reakcí účastníků na nepříznivé události, zatímco narcismus a psychologický nárok byly měřeny prostřednictvím současných zážitků účastníků.